3G & 2G Phone MW Hazards Experiments
Bodies, brains and cells affected in form and function by mobile phone radiation
Mobile phones generate microwave radiation that, as is more evident with each day that passes and more investigation is done, causes numerous changes in the exposed subjects: from electrophysiological changes to biochemical changes, from histopathological changes to developmental changes. ...
For electromagnetic radiation although some scientist believe that no other mechanism apart of heating is plausible to have effect on biology, the evidences for the contrary are growing.
Telecommunications, specifically as is treated in this section 2G (GSM modulation) and 3G (UMTS) mobile phone systems, are widely extended and used in the world at the time of this writing. Most 2G phones use the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard, which pulses 890–960 MHz and 1710–1880 MHz (GSM900 and GSM1800, respectively) signals with 217 Hz, whereas most 3G phones use the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System’s (UMTS), W-CDMA2 air interface standard, which operates at a higher frequency range of 1900–2170 MHz and work without periodic pulsed modulation.
In the following it will reviewed various of the subsections presented in the chats below which are dedicated to some kind of the detected ambits of damage each one, mentioning various of the papers with their major results. It must be taken into account that all intensities used (although not mentioned in this introductory text for not to be excessively extended and technical) are normal exposures situations or, in much of the cases, well below the official guidelines proposed limits (SAR 1.6 – 2.0 W/kg). More papers than those cited in this text will be available always (with more updates) in the charts below.
Let's start with the reviewing of studies that test influence of mobile phones in various brain related issues.
Brain – Changes in EEG
Brain waves are one of the aspects of brain functioning that are altered by mobile phone radiation.
It can be interesting to note that it's now know [1] that when a dialing mobile phone is placed on the ear, its radiation, although unconsciously, is electrically detected by the brain.
In [2] during 3 min In Vitro Exposure of Neural Networks to a GSM-1800 signal it has been discovered a 30% reversible decrease in firing rate and bursting rate of neurons. In [3] it has found evidence that 5 min exposure with an intensity at 10% of the ICNIRP guideline exposure limits provokes statistically significant differences in both theta and alpha waves.
Also 5 min exposure but to some more higher intensity (although well below the recommended limits) provokes alpha hemisphere dominance change and the changes depend on the side of exposure [4]:
" .. this happened due to the RF exposure by the participants in during session because alpha synchrony would decrease during the trials .. This might be the indicative of inhibitive activity in one hemisphere increasing unilaterally in response to the task and desynchronizing the hemispheres temporarily .. Also there are significant different of Alpha PAR in 5 minutes exposure to RF and continue in 5 minutes after the exposure."
In a study with a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design [5] is detected a power decrease of alpha band during and after thr exposure to a GSM mobile phone during 26 min in an eyes-closed condition.
In the case of a 3G mobile phone 15 min exposition on the contrary [6] increased activity of the alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands was found in nearly every brain region.
The frequency at which the radiofrequency signal is modulated is important factor that determines what effects are notorious, in [7] exposure to RFR modulated at 8 Hz resulted in significant decrease in Theta band power and exposure to RFR modulated at 16 Hz resulted in a significant decrease in the beta-1 band power during sleep.
In a Long term study [8] with exposure to from 30 to 120 days of 1 hour daily telephony, quantitative analysis of EEG revealed a clear shift from high frequency (beta) to lower frequency (delta).
A series of studies by C.K. Smitha and N.K. Narayanan that use fractal dimension [9], wavelet analysis [10] and other techniques to measure the internal complexity of the EEG signal (that in the viewpoint of this website is equal to their information management capacity) shows changes in EEG while using mobile phone that indicate the reduction of the signal complexity.
Another study by other authors [11] also found that the approximate entropy (ApEn) function which is the measure of complexity in information process was significantly lower in group of subjects who were exposed to mobile phone EMF.
Brain – Changes in Hippocampus
Some of the electrophysiological changes have been found in the hippocampus.
For example, a long-term experiment of 6 hour daily exposure [12] shown irregular firing patterns of hippocampal neurons from the exposed rats, and they exhibited decreased spiking activity after 6-9 weeks. And another posterior experiment [13] by the same authors confirms previous findings that long-term exposure (in this case 50 days, 6 hours daily) alters spiking rates in hippocampus; it was found also that the hippocampal neurons showed irregular firing patterns and more spikes with shorter interspike interval during the whole experiment period.
Apart of this kind of changes, changes in morphology of hippocampal neurons have been also found.
In [14] histopathological examination revealed increased numbers of pyknotic neurons with black or dark blue cytoplasm and stereological and analyses revealed fewer pyramidal neurons.
In [15] it has found that after exposure to various daily calls during 28 days the CA3 region of hippocampus:
" ... revealed few congestion and signs of hemorrhage with enlarged perivascular spaces; apparent shrinkage neurons and deformation of their nuclei .. Presence of shrunken cells with condensed and increased electron density of both cytoplasm and nucleoplasm .. The mitochondria were swollen, vacuolized and had reduced number of distorted cristae .. The synapses had fewer synaptic vesicles in their presynaptic terminals, synaptic clefts widened and postsynaptic densities were reduced in thickness."
In CA1 region of hippocampus the morphological changes included mitochondrial degenerations, fewer synapses, and shorter postsynaptic densities in the radiated rats [16].
Brain – Changes in Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability
Another target that has been found to be altered by exposure to those radiations is the blood-brain barrier permeability, that is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the central nervous system.
In [18] damaged blood-brain barrier permeability, which resulted in albumin and HO-1 extravasation, was observed in the hippocampus and the cortex.
In [19] it was found that most increased ratio of albumin extravasations is most effective in a specific range of power (SAR 0.1-0.5 mW.kg) and less effective in much more intense radiations (in the range of 50-500 mW.kg), that demonstrate that this effect is not a thermal nor a linear effect.
At very much lower intensities of 0.012 W/kg [20] effects of GSM mobile phone radiation upon the blood–brain barrier permeability of rats, 7 days after one occasion of 2 h of exposure, are shown that possess a statistically significant increased albumin extravasation.
Anyways a curious result is reported in [21] where in female rats no albumin extravasation was found after exposure, but only in male rats.
Brain - Oxidative Stress Production
Oxidative stress, that is the increased production of oxidizing species or the significant decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant defenses, is also found to be a consequence to the exposure to mobile phone radiation of the brain or brain components. For example, in [22] it's detected a decreased total antioxidant status in the amygdala and cerebellum of rats.
In another experiment with rat brains [23] oxidative stress is detected:
" Increased production of reactive oxygen species due to exhaustion of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and increased lipid peroxidation indicate extensive neurodegeneration in selective areas of CA1, CA3, DG, and the cerebral cortex."
In [24] is concluded that the oxidative stress is the main factor that activates a variety of cellular signal transduction pathways in the brain, among them the hsp27/p38MAPK, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated cytochrome c release and subsequent activation of caspases, involved in a process of radiation-induced apoptotic cell death.
Decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities whereas, increased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) was encountered in [25] showing a compromised antioxidant defense. In [14] an increase in malondialdehyde and glutathione levels and a decrease in catalase levels was found.
Brain – Changes in Monoamine Neurotransmitters
Apart from oxidant/antioxidant imbalance other of the biochemical changes that are very often detected in the brain are related to monoamine neurotransmitters.
In [26] significant changes in concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain and medulla oblongata of adult rats is found. And in [27] is concluded that low-intensity microwave radiation alters levels of brain monoamine neurotransmitters at mRNA and protein levels and that it may cause learning and memory disturbances.
Also in another study, in this case in combination with iron overload [28], EMF exposure causes the alterations of monoamine content in several brain areas but mainly in the hippocampus.
It can be noted that experimentally applied low level light (with non-thermal intensities) through ears channels also changes monoamine levels in brain [29].
Brain – Histopathological and Ultra-Structural Changes
Changes in the microscopic anatomy (microanatomy) of neurons and in their distribution is detected by some investigations.
For example in [18] 28 days of EMF exposure induced cellular edema and neuronal cell's organelle degeneration in rats.
In [30] after a single exposure of 8 h it's shown that the cell population in cerebellar internal granular region was significantly decreased, and also that there is a reduction in the cerebellar external granular layer thickness.
In [31] 8h daily exposure during 60d causes alterations such as congestion of the cerebral blood vessels and presence of numerous spongiform vacuoles in the neuropil of the brain tissues of the rats.
In a long term exposure experiment [32] that began with prenatal exposure (later we will see how harmful is to fetus the exposure to mobile phones radiation) and with 80d postnatal 30 min daily exposure, it’s show a decreased weekly weight gain, decreased pyramidal neuron numbers and increased ischemic neuron numbers at cortex region of brain, and also an increased vascular dilatations and increased amount of ischemic hippocampal neurons.
There are some studies that have found so much different kind of effects at the same time that they can be considered themselves as a mixture of the effects that are being finding in brain, for example in [17] it can be read that after 60 days 2 hours daily exposure:
" ... significant increments in conjugated dienes, protein carbonyls, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index along with a significant reduction of total antioxidant capacity levels were evident after exposure. Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activity, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha level were enhanced. the relative brain weight of young rats was greatly affected, and histopathological examination reinforced the neuronal damage."
Brain – Behaviour Changes
The above mentioned brain effects and others can trigger behavior changes in exposed subjects, this is in fact what the papers mentioned in this section have discovered.
For example, zebrafish daily exposure for 1 hour during 14 days [25] causes that significantly decreased the time they spent near social stimulus zone and that increased total distance they traveled. Exposure also elicits anxiety as revealed by significantly increased time spent in bottom half, freezing bouts and duration, and decreased distance traveled, average velocity, and number of entries to upper half of the tank. Exposed zebrafish also spent less time in the novel arm of the Y-Maze, corroborating significant impairment in learning.
In [23] after 4 hour daily exposure of rats to mobile phone during 15 days a significant change in behavior, i.e., more anxiety and poor learning was shown on them. In [13] during the weeks 4–5 of the experiment, the average completion time and error rate of the exposure group were longer and larger, and in [33] the amount of time needed by rats to locate the hidden platform and the time spent exhibiting freezing behavior is increased.
In another experimental setup [34] exposed rat also shown some behavioral changes like a reduced percentage of entries into the open arm, or percentage of time spent on the open arm, and distance traveled on the open arm.
In an up to 60 days 1 hour daily exposure setup [35] shown that rats are gradually affected in a behavioral model of depression like forced swim test, tail suspension test and locomotor activity. They have a significantly increased immobility and a decreased locomotor activity in comparison with control group.
A long-term study design with, in this case, mouses [36] looking for changes in spatial and non-spatial memory, shows gradually accumulating statistically significant impairments of both types of memory, with more pronounced effects on the spatial memory.
Spatial memory is also shown to be affected in other experimental setups by other authors [16,37] indicating that the exposed mice has deficits in the consolidation and/or retrieval of the learned spatial information.
And another study [38] shown that short-term memory is affected in exposed mice and proposes that the primary EMF target may be the information transfer pathway connecting the entorhinal–parahippocampal regions which participate in the object recognition task memory task.
A study by Caramets el at. [39] have demonstrated that irradiating ant colony for some hours changes the ants behaviour:
" ... ants followed trails for only short distances, no longer arrived at marked areas and no longer orientated themselves to a source of alarm pheromone. Also when exposed to electromagnetic waves, ants became unable to return to their nest and recruit congeners; therefore, the number of ants collecting food increases only slightly and slowly. After 180 h of exposure, their colonies deteriorated."
Another study by the same author confirms that an acute exposure is sufficient to provoke this ant's lower quality orientation towards their attractive alarm pheromone [40].
And another study demonstrated that 1h exposure to mobile phone call of Drosophila melanogaster leads to disturbances in their locomotor activity [41]:
" ... the larvae exposed to emissions of 1 h sending-rings tended to crawl in short, random and scattered paths, whereas control larvae crawled parallel to the wall of the petri dish. exposure to the cellphone talking mode induced significant reduction in the movement speed of adult Drosophila .. The speed of flies exposed to sending mode showed a negative regression with the time of exposure .. The flies exposed to receiving-talk mode were significantly slower than the controls at all tested time intervals. the flies exposed to 1 or 2 h sending-talks exhibited irritated zigzag locomotor paths and hyperactivity."
Very similarly but only 1 minute exposure provokes significant changes in the locomotion of the 2 different species of fishes tested in another study [42].
Also unicellular organisms like parameciums are evidently affected, in multiple ways, by only 1 min exposure [43]:
" physiology was affected: they became broader, their cytopharynx appeared broader, their pulse vesicles had difficult in expelling their content outside the cell, their cilia less efficiently moved, and trichocysts became more visible. all these effects might result from some bad functioning or damage of the cellular membrane."
More effects that results in behavior changes are also found in honeybees [44]:
" honeybees in their normal case produced sounds at lower frequencies around 450 Hz, and with lower intensity 0.3 normalized amplitude. but, when they were disturbed by the presence of a mobile phone, they produced sounds with higher frequencies that reached 1.5 KHz, and with higher intensity that reached 0.7 normalized amplitude."
With the above mentioned data it is clear that electromagnetic fields from mobile phone technology can affect brain functioning and in last instance the behaviour of exposed subject.
In the next four sections we will see how fetuses are very sensitive to radiation absorbed by mothers, and their posterior development is conditioned by the effects that this exposure have provoked.
Prenatal Exposure – Histopathological and Structural Effects
As in studies focused to test brain changes, there is a battery of experiments that have discovered changes on the microscopic anatomy of the different tissues of exposed subjects.
In a study designed to examine this kind of effects after 1h daily 8 days exposure applied in the prenatal period on ovarian follicle development and oocyte differentiation of rats [37], the follicle count results revealed a statistically significant decrease in primordial and tertiary follicle number, while atretic follicle numbers have increased. And, a histopathological examination, revealed severe follicle degeneration, vasocongestion, and a low level of increased stromal fibrotic tissue and cytoplasmic vacuolization in granulosa cell.
Also 1 hour daily prenatal exposure on rats revealed that the spinal cord have vacuolization in gray matter and occasional myelin thickening, white matter infiltration among the nerve fibers, marginal irregularity between white and gray matter and infiltration of gray matter inside white matter [45].
Testis, another of the evidently electromagnetically more sensitive parts (that is, with effects that we are now capable to see with current measures; it can exists other kind of changes that are not habitually taken in consideration for now that can be very significant like for example water's capacity to order- see section [141]) are object of numerous studies (see section “Sperm, testis, sex hormones: Various changes” on tables). In this section is mentionable a study that apart from lower sperm motility and vitality it has found immature germ cells in the seminiferous tubule lumen, and an altered seminiferous tubule epithelium and seminiferous tubule structure of the testis of 60 days old prenatally exposed rat [46].
Chicks exposed prenatally, otherwise, also reveal histopathological and structural changes, for example when their metanephros tubules are observed[47].
Structural changes has been also found in the parotid gland of male albino rats following prenatal exposure where areas of hemorrhage and degeneration of the acini and dilated ducts are detected [48]. Liver isn't also free of change [49] where it has been found marked hydropic degeneration in the parenchyma, vacuolization in the mitochondria, expansion in the endoplasmic reticulum, and necrotic hepatocytes. Also, pathological changes in cell morphology in the thymic and splenic tissues has been demonstrated in [50], and in [51] is detected a significant reduction in number of secondary and Graafian follicles with an increase in atretic follicle number.
Lens of chickens also has been detected to be susceptible to mobile phone emissions in a histopathological form; after being exposed to them in the prenatal period for 72 min daily during 9-12 days, it has been found structural changes in lens epithelial cells, formation of cystic cells and spaces, distortion of lens fibers, and formation of a posterior aberrant nuclear layer [52].
A variety of effects are detected in this experiment [53] with chickens:
" ... histopathological changes under were observed in the liver, kidneys, lung, heart, and spleen. hyperaemia was found commonly in the liver, kidneys, lung, and heart. mononuclear cell infiltration was also observed widely in the liver, kidneys, and lung .. Degeneration in hepatocytes and tubular epithelium, tubular dilatation, atelectasiae, emphysoema, interalveolar interstitial thickening in the lung, haemorrhage, myocardosis in the heart, extramedullar haematopoiesis in splenic tissues were the other changes."
And this another [54] study also found changes in chickens' liver histology, like degeneration of hepatocytes, disruption of architecture, and accumulation of lipid droplets and lack of sinusoids.
In [55] 24 hours daily prenatal exposure of rats resulted in that the histological examination of renal tissue showed mild dilatation of the Bowman’s capsules (60%), tubular lumen dilatation and integration loss and desquamations and mild degenerations due to distention, especially in distal tubule epitheliums. Furthermore, glomerular vacuolization-induced deformations and dilatation were higher by 45%.
In [56] also 24 hours daily prenatal exposure of rats causes histopathological changes in liver, where it's found intense degeneration in hepatocytes with cytoplasmic eosinophilic structures, pyknotic nuclei, and fibrosis.
Rat brains’ hippocampus showed that there are morphological differences in pyramidal cells off the cornu ammonis after prenatal exposure compared with non-exposed hippocampus [57].
Also rabbit's brain tissues are histologically affected with only 15 min daily exposure in prenatal period [58] showing mildly positive hyperaemia, neuronal necrobiosis, mononuclear cells and gliosis (a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system that in most cases involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes).
Prenatal Exposure – Embryonic Development Changes
Apart from the previously described microscopically detected changes there are also detected a more macro-scale changes, that is, embryonic development changes.
In an experiment [59] with rats exposed to 6, 12 or 24 hours daily during the prenatal period it has been found that increasing the duration of EMF exposure resulted in a significant reduction of resting cartilage levels.
Less hours exposure design (1 or 2 hours daily) experiment, also on rats, shown that number of live embryos were significantly reduced with an increasing number of dead and reabsorbed embryos in the 2 h/day 2nd-week exposure group in compared to control group. Moreover, malformation, haematoma, and oedematous fetuses in experimental groups were observed unlike control fetuses. A significant decrease in live fetuses and a significant decrease in body mass of fetuses at gestation day 20, unlike control group. Meanwhile postnatal observations showed haematoma, congestion, short tail, malformation and growth restriction and delay in some growth markers [60].
Also 1 hour daily prenatal exposure to mobile phone like radiation of rats results in changes in spinal cord where rotarod test results revealed a significant increase in EMF group rat pups motor functions, with pathological changes in the spinal cord were it's observed morphological impairment and atrophy [45]. While a 30 min, 1 day exposure setup [61] revealed that body weights and fetal body length of fetuses were decreased and also revealed the existence of skeletal system abnormalities that include short and curved tails absent of 13th rib and wavy ribs and absent of caudal vertebrae.
An experiment with chickens found that exposed prenatal subjects shown increased mortality, gross malformations and developmental anomalies, and decrease in wet body weight and length when compared with the control group [54], this study also found various histopathological changes that have been mentioned in the previous section.
An interesting study that also take in consideration the male active part (with their paternal sperm) and if they are exposed to electromagnetic field or not (as same as female subjects) to create groups to compare effects on embryos of Xenopus laevis (a frog specie) [62] found:
" In our present study (control group; 2.2% abnormal, 0.0% dead); with the normal female + RF exposed male combination, the long-term exposure of adult males to GSM-like radiation at 900 MHz (RF: 2 W) for 5 week/8 h/day resulted in normal, abnormal and dead embryo ratios of 88.3%, 3.3% and 8.3%, respectively (p < 0.001) .. RF exposed female + normal female combination led to normal, abnormal and dead embryo ratios of 76.7%, 11.7%, and 11.7%, respectively (p < 0.001) .. RF exposed female + RF exposed male combination led to normal, abnormal and dead embryo ratios of 73.3%, 11.7%, and 15%, respectively (p < 0.001)."
In [51], pregnant rats have significantly lower pregnancy rates in 2h/daily exposed group compared to the control group and there is a significant decrease in number of pups in the 2h/daily exposure group compared to control and 1h/daily groups.
It is very interesting to note experiments like [63] where it is found that the duration of exposition varies in a great manner the detected effects (and possibly one of the reasons of why some experimental setups don't find an effect):
" significantly altered number of differentiated somites. in embryos irradiated during 38 h the number of differentiated somites increased, while in embryos irradiated during 158 h this number decreased ... The lower duration of exposure led to a significant decrease in a level of DNA strand breaks in cells of 38-h embryos, while the higher duration of exposure resulted in a significant increase in DNA damage."
Another kind of variation can be seen in [64] where exposing 1 hour daily but along different day numbers (7, 10 or 14) have different results; an increase in whole body weight and whole body length in 7 and 10 days treated embryos was seen compared to the controls, however the increase was only significant in 10 days treated embryos (P=0.012) for both weight and length, on the other hand 14 days treated embryos showed a non significant decrease in whole body weight and whole body length compared to the controls.
Prenatal Exposure – Biochemical Changes
Changes are provoked also on biochemistry (the chemical processes within and relating to living organisms) of the fetuses of exposed mothers.
In [65] the experimental procedure showed that thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations decreased markedly and corticosterone levels increased in blood plasma of chicks exposed to EMF during embryogenesis.
In an experiment with rabbits [66] some chemical indicators are demonstrated to be changed after prenatal exposure of male rabbits; on the blood, on the concentrations of Uric acid, Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, Alanine transaminas and Malondialdehyde, and for female rabbits on the concentrations of Urea, Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, Aspartate aminotransferase and Malondialdehyde.
The livers of rats born to mothers exposed to electromagnetic field, 24h/day during 20 days, have also shown [56] some biochemical changes like a significant increase in the levels of malondialdehyde accompanied by a significant fall in glutathione and increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase.
Various biochemical changes are described in the brain of rats after prenatal exposure [67].
Prenatal Exposure – Brain and Behaviour Changes
Finally in relation to effects on fetuses, in this section it will be addresses results from experiments that search for possible changes in brain function or microstructure, or for behavioral changes of pups when developed.
In [68] prenatally 10 hours daily exposed chickens shown changes in behavior with significantly slower aggregation responses, lower belongingness, and weaker vocalization and also displayed a statistically significant smaller cerebellum size.
Also chick's cerebellums when prenatal exposure is, in this case, of 1 hour daily [69] shown that total Purkinje cell numbers, calculated using stereological analysis, were significantly lower and that some pathological changes such as pyknotic neurons with dark cytoplasm were observed under light microscopy (more histopathological changes in other organs can be found along the various sections of this text).
Purkinje cells are electrophysiologically altered after prenatal exposure which induce decreased neuronal excitability, the most prominent changes include also: after hyperpolarization amplitude, spike frequency, half width and first spike latency [70].
Similarly to Purkinje cells, the Pyramidal cells are subject to at least two kind of alterations: the number of them and their excitability.
Pyramidal cell lost in the cornu ammonis of the experimental group female rat pups is described in this [71] paper.
And some electrophysiological changes of hippocampal pyramidal cells of rats offsprings are described in [72]:
" whole cell recordings in hippocampal pyramidal cells did show a decrease in neuronal excitability .. A decrease in the number of action potentials fired in spontaneous activity and in response to current injection .. An increase in the amplitude of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP)."
Also in the same experiment [72] learning and memory performance showed that prenatal phone exposure significantly altered learning acquisition and memory retention.
Prenatally exposed rat pup’s learning behavior is altered in a form that statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher latency in terms of finding the maze arm and significantly lower avoidance latency [57]. Another experimental setup [73] show that step-through latency was significantly decreased, and percent time spent in the correct quadrant decreased.
Another study in this case with mice [74] revealed that:
" mice exposed in-utero were hyperactive and had impaired memory as determined using the object recognition, light/dark box and step-down assays .. (mEPSCs) revealed that these behavioral changes were due to altered neuronal developmental programming .. Exposed mice had dose-responsive impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex."
In [62] it was also observed that the offsprings of female adult Xenopus laevis (a frog specie) exposed to RF-EMR during oogenesis exhibited a more aggressive behavior compared to the control group.
In the following sections, the effects are tested not on fetuses but in the subjects exposed to electromagnetic radiation themselves, this of course is a more general situation that is normally of the maximum interest also.
The next first two sections correspond to two specific parameters (apoptotic index and oxidative stress) that are measured in various of the papers addressed in this text.
Apoptotic Index Changes
The apoptotic index, is defined as the percentage of morphologically identified apoptotic cells and apoptotic bodies. Apoptosis is a process of controlled cell deletion by which the numbers of cells in a variety of tissues are regulated in physiological and pathological conditions.
Numerous of the experiments measure this apoptotic index (or number of apoptotic cells) apart from measures more specific to the experiment. Almost all of those that measure this found that the index is increased after exposure.
As an example here a list of the papers mentioned in this text that also found this effect: [24,37,46,53,55,58,59,97,108,119]
Oxidative Stress Production
As is defined, Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and the biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. This could lead to a variety of secondary pathological symptoms in mid term.
Numerous of the papers cited in this text apart from their more specific measures also detect this parameter by one or another method, here is a list of them: [50,60,64,66,77,79,80,81,84,91,97,98,108,119].
And all the, already mentioned, oxidative stress symphtoms specifically detected in brain [14,22,23,24,25,58].
Also there are mentionable some studies that specifically measure oxidative stress, between them it can be highlighted this study [75] where there are used very very low intensities (various orders of magnitude below the exposure limits recommended by the official guidelines) to expose Japanese quails embryos:
" The exposure resulted in a significant persistent overproduction of superoxide and nitrogen oxide in embryo cells during all period of analyses. As a result, significantly increased levels of TBARS and 8-oxo-dG followed by significantly decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were developed in the exposed embryo cells. Conclusion: Exposure of developing quail embryos to extremely low intensity RF-EMR of GSM 900 MHz during at least one hundred and fifty-eight hours leads to a significant overproduction of free radicals/reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage of DNA in embryo cells. These oxidative changes may lead to pathologies up to oncogenic transformation of cells."
One of the method used to detect oxidant stress is to check antioxidant enzyme levels, is what is done in the following study [76], but apart from this some influence in circadian rhythm is also detected; apart from decreased melatonin levels it is clear that the levels of melatonin were significantly decreased when RF exposures were given at GMT 23:00 and 3:00 when the levels should have been at the highest results, moreover results also showed decreased levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), two important antioxidant enzymes, in exposed rats, especially at 3:00 GMT (RF 3). In addition, the circadian rhythm of GSH-Px and SOD were disrupted in RF-exposed rats, with a distinct disorder of peak phase (from GMT 2:39 to 7:35 or from GMT 5:03 to 3:12 respectively).
Another method is to detect levels of some specific free radicals, for example, in another experiment [77] in all four tissue samples (brain, liver, heart, kidney) of irradiated mouses a statistically significant increase (p < 0.0025) of hydroxyl radicals concentration was found.
Oxidant stress has been found to be directly correlated with the number of calling minutes [86,87], some probes also detect that until certain time some antioxidant defense mechanisms are activated [88] or that vitamin C is a good protector against this provoked oxidant stress [89,90].
Other Biochemical Changes
Apart from oxidant stress and its biomarkers there are been found a variety of other biochemical parameters that are affected by mobile phone exposure.
In [92] it has found higher levels of amylase, lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde in saliva of high users of mobile phones when compared in that of less mobile users.
Mobile phone like radiation have shown to provoke a statistically significant increase in the skin hydroxyproline (an amino-acid) level [93].
A study that test brain, liver and kidneys tissues of rats exposed 1 hour daily during 60 days detected that sera activity of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine and corticosterone were significantly increased and that these alterations were corrected by the withdrawal of the radiation emitter [94].
Another study with rats with 2 hours daily expose during 30 days resulted in that male and female mean serum levels of estrogen showed a significant decrease, and that in male rats mean serum levels of progesterone were significantly increased [95].
Vitamin A levels, among others, is modified after the exposure of 1 hour daily during prenatal and postnatal period (with a total o 6 weeks) [77]:
" brain and liver glutathione peroxidase activities, as well as liver vitamin A and β-carotene concentrations decreased in the EMR groups, although brain iron, vitamin A, and β-carotene concentrations increased in the EMR groups. In the 6th week, selenium concentrations in the brain decreased in the EMR groups."
3 hours daily exposure in Female hamsters may cause progesterone suppressing and cortisol releasing after 10 days, and after 60 days hyperglycemia is evident also [78].
A test on human saliva after exposure shown that apart from oxidative stress indices increases salivary flow, total protein and albumin, and amylase activity were decreased [79]. Also, apart from oxidative stress a higher Interleukin-1β levels (that plays a central role in the cytokine network and is one of the inflammatory cytokines that introduces prostaglandin E1, matrix metalloproteinase-3, NO, and other substances to intervertebral discs) has found in intervertebral discs of rats [81].
Proteome Changes
Various studies have, as their objective, the intention to detect possible changes in the set of the normally expressed proteins in a given type of cell or organism, at a given time, under defined condition.
In a study where human B lymphoblastoid cells are exposed during one complete day [82] and after measure their protein levels:
" differential expression of 27 proteins was found, which were related to DNA damage repair, apoptosis, oncogenesis, cell cycle and proliferation. expression of RPA32 was significantly down-regulated while the expression of p73 was significantly up-regulated."
Brain proteome tested in a very long experimental period (244 days) but at very very low exposure intensities, well below recommended limits, found a plethora of protein level changed [83]:
" [exposure] altered significantly the expression of 143 proteins in total (as low as 0.003 fold downregulation up to 114 fold overexpression). Several neural function related proteins (i.e., Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), Alpha-synuclein, Glia Maturation Factor beta (GMF), and apolipoprotein E (apoE)), heat shock proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins (i.e., Neurofilaments and tropomodulin) are included in this list as well as proteins of the brain metabolism (i.e., Aspartate aminotransferase, Glutamate dehydrogenase) to nearly all brain regions studied."
Is mentionable also a series of studies on lens by Shuang Ni et al. [84,85], that although they use intensities bigger than those emitted by mobile phones (about 2-3 times bigger) they found effects, after 30 to 90 minutes of one unique exposure to mobile phone, like significant decrease in the expression of the four proteins studied: SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPx1 (and the previous expression of the correspondent mRNA genes) [84] or significantly increased expressional levels of VCP and USP35 proteins with significantly decreased expressional level of protein SRP68 [85].
One of the most susceptible parts to electromagnetic radiation are reproductive organs (there is a specific section with this issue below), tests of rats exposed to 1 to 4 hours daily during 30 days shown changes in heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin-1, and other proteins related to misfolding of proteins and/or stress [96].
Hispatological and Ultre-Structural Changes
Apart from biochemical changes various studies center their attention in detect possible changes in structures forms and organization, visible through electron microscopy and diverse staining methods.
In [97] after 1h daily exposure during 38 days structural changes and capillary congestion in the myocardium of rats were detected and transmission electron microscopy showed altered structure of Z bands, decreased myofilaments and pronounced vacuolization in the same tissue.
Female rats exposed to 2h daily exposure shown numerous histopathological changes in their ovarian and uterine tissues [98]:
" ... in the ovary were included vacuolation in interstitial, granulosa, luteal cells and ooplasm. Other histopathological changes are disorientation of corona radiata, disruption and thinning of the zona pellucida. Cellular nucleus changes similar to fragmentation of the nucleus indicate the start of a degeneration process at Graafian follicles as well as micronuclei formation in oocyte nucleus and in some luteal cells. Histopathological changes in uterine tissue confined to increase height of luminal epithelium cells, sever apoptosis of glandular and luminal epithelium cells, and sever eosinophils, polymorphonucleocyte lymphocytes and macrophage's infiltration in myometrium and endometrium layers. Vascular congestion points out for the existence of inflammatory response changes in the endometrium."
In another experiment [99], also with exposed rats groups, it's showed numerous histopathological changes regarding, in this case, to the salivary gland damage including acinar epithelial cells, interstitial space, ductal system, vascular system, nucleus, amount of cytoplasm and variations in cell size. The same authors have done another experiment in similar conditions [100] to detect changes in nasal mucosa and mucociliary and they shown ciliary disorganization and ciliary loss in the epithelial cells, epithelial metaplasia, alteration of normal chromatin distribution and karyolysis in nuclei, changes in the basal cells, and lymphocytic infiltration. In both experiments the longer period exposed group have more profound changes.
Other histological changes were detected in rat's hippocampus [101,102], cerebellar cortex [103], kidney [104][105] or lung [106] tissues. Mild to severe inflammatory changes in the portal spaces of the liver of rats as well as damage in the cells of islet of Langerhans were observed in other [107] research.
Changes in Sperm, Testis and Sex Hormones
As mentioned earlier some of the, already established, more sensitive to changes (or more easily detectable) organs of living bodies are those related to reproductive system.
In line with the previous section dedicated to histopathological changes, in [108] it has been found that after 1 hour daily 30 days exposure rats testis display vacuoles in seminiferous tubules basal membrane and edema in the intertubular space, while seminiferous tubule diameters and germinal epithelium thickness were both smaller. Another experiment [109] show a wide interstitium, detachment of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia from the basal lamina, a vacuolar degeneration and desquamation of seminiferous epithelium, and peripheral tubules showed reduced thickness of seminiferous epithelium and maturation arrest in the spermatogenesis among others. A previous similar long-term experiment by the same authors describe us a variety of effects also [110]:
" animal weight was lower at first, second and fourth month. the mean testis weight was significantly reduced in all months except fourth month and the mean testis volume was significantly reduced in the first three months.the mean seminiferous tubule density per unit area was significantly lower value. the mean seminiferous tubule diameter was significantly reduced except the second month. the mean number of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells were significantly reduced. mean serum testosterone level were significantly lower. microscopic changes: 1. the interstitium appeared wide 2. Sertoli cells and spermatogonia were detached from the basal lamina. 3. vacuolar degeneration and desquamation of seminiferous epithelium. most of the peripheral tubules showed maturation arrest in the spermatogenesis. seminiferous tubules scored between 8 and 9 using Johnson testicular biopsy score count."
Meanwhile ultra-structure of adult bovine sperm have been shown to be extremely sensitive even to only an acute 5 minutes exposure to a mobile phone, with a large amount of changes detected in this setup [111].
In [112] significant decrease in sperm count, increase in the lipid peroxidation damage in sperm cells, reduction in seminiferous tubules and testicular weight and DNA damage was found.
Testosterone levels are also shown to be affected in various experiments [109,110,113,114].
In a statistical study [115] it is shown that daily duration of talking on the cell phone was significantly associated with sperm quality in men by decreasing the semen volume, sperm concentration, or sperm count.
In this experiment [116] various sperm parameters changes, apart from increases of sperm DNA fragmentation there are also detected changes in sperm motility, sperm linear velocity, sperm linearity index, and sperm acrosin activity. While in [117] lower number of spermatozoa with progressive movement and higher number of spermatozoa with non–progressive movement are detected. Sperm motility is also proved to be reduced in [118].
And also are specifically detected two effects that are recurrently provoked by externally applied microwave electromagnetic fields on other tissues: Oxidative stress and apoptotic index increases [119].
Cancer Promotion
Various statistical studies indicate that there is a relationship between use of mobile phones and certain cancers. In this line in a paper by Moon et al. [120] founds that tumors position may coincide with the more frequently ear used on callings, and that tumor volume have strong correlation with amount of mobile phone usage. Various statistical studies by Hardell et al. also underscore a correlation [121,122], and a study by Coreau et al. [123] add additional data that support previous findings concerning the possible association between heavy mobile phone use and brain tumours.
It must be said that a statistical relation with cancer is not totally elucidated because of some complications in the uptake of data, anyways in the view of the editor of this web cancer is only the last symptom, not always reached, of a more important (although without death consequences) general degenerative and stress symptoms of the uncontrolled and excessive exposure to radiofrequency sources, that is more important because are affecting all of us (although some people say "I'm well, this is all a nonsense", etc.. this is a fallacy because they aren't comparing their current situation with a control situation without exposures).
Other kind of papers may show a more direct case relationship between mobile phone and cancer, an example can be found in [124] where the four cancer patients subject of study regularly carried their smartphones directly against their breasts in their brassieres for up to 10 hours a day, for several years, and developed tumors in areas of their breasts immediately underlying the phones position. Moreover pathology of all cases shows striking similarity; all tumors are hormone-positive, low-intermediate grade, having an extensive intraductal component, and all tumors have near identical morphology.
Another study [125] with cancer patients (n = 63) has show that the use of mobile phones for ≥3 hours a day show a consistent pattern of increased risk for the mutant type of p53 gene expression in the peripheral zone of the glioblastoma, and that this increase was significantly correlated with shorter overall survival time.
An experiment [126] that compare buccal cell preparations of users of mobile phones during previous 3-5y and non-users of mobile phone detected that:
" The frequency of micronuclei (13.66x), nuclear buds (2.57x), basal (1.34x), karyorrhectic (1.26x), karyolytic (2.44x), pyknotic(1.77x) and condensed chromatin (2.08x) cells were highly significantly increased in mobile phone users whereas the binucleated cells (4.03x) and repair index (8.36x) showed significant decrease. DNA damage and nuclear anomalies scored in BMCyt assay are indicative of genetic damage that has not been repaired and this may predispose the mobile phone users to malignancy and cytotoxicity ramifications."
A recent long period (2 years) exposure study on rats [127] also confirm a relationship of mobile phone radiation with the development of cancer.
DNA Damage
Various studies have also show a DNA damage as a consequence of mobile phone usage, some studies are specifically oriented to test this possibility, others have discovered this in a parallel tests that runs while other tests more specific to the object of the study are executed. Various of this latest kind of experiments are already mentioned in their respective sections and their results on DNA damage will be summarized in the following lines.
In [24] radiation emitted from 3G mobile phone significantly induced DNA strand breaks in brain, in [52] the DNA damage in the developing eyes of the experiment group assessed by comet assay was highly significant. In [116] significant increase in sperm DNA fragmentation percent was discovered and in [112] an increase in DNA strand break in Seminiferous tubules of testis was also discovered.
As mentioned there are other study designs that are specifically constructed to detect DNA damage. In this paper [128] it's found that the levels of DNA damage were significantly increased following exposure in the listen, dialed and dialing modes, and especially in the two later cases. And in [140] talking on a mobile phone for 15 or 30 min significantly increased single-strand DNA breaks in the cells of hair roots close to the phone.
Another kind of damages are found in [129] where:
" phone EMFs can remarkably cause disturbance on ct DNA structure. DNA samples, immediately after exposure and 2 h after 45 min exposure, are relatively thermally unstable .. have more fluorescence emission attributable to expansion of the exposed DNA structure .. increment in the surface charge and size of DNA .. displacement of electrons in DNA by EMFs may lead to conformational changes of DNA and DNA disaggregation."
In [130] it has been found some recovery mechanisms at work when the increased oxidative DNA damage to brain after 10 days of exposure is decreased following 40 days of exposure, but those increased or stimulated DNA repair mechanisms, most probably, have secondary effects on cells.
Effects on plants growth
Finally, and not less importantly, mobile phone radiation have been shown that also affects plants in various studies, and maybe it's appropriate firstly to address a study that is not included in this section but in the section dedicated to the study of mobile phone mast effects [131], but the study is interesting because its follow trees health along years in numerous urban points and where health is deduced by visual comparison, because is evident. The study is [132] and there are also some complementary photos of the study elsewhere [133].
An experiment that uses DECT phones show that exposed plants have seem to be affected concerning their biomass and leaf structure and their leaves are thinner and possess fewer chloroplasts [134].
In [135] maize seedlings exposed to 4 hours daily exposure have shown significant growth and biochemical alterations, in the first case the detected alterations are the reduction in the root and coleoptile length, with more pronounced effect on coleoptile growth. And the detected biochemical changes are interferences with starch and sucrose metabolism with some enzymes with increased activity.
An interesting study demonstrate changes in soybean seedling growth in a non-linear mode [136]; the effects depend on the intensity but not directly from less to more but in the following form: at maximum intensity of the experiment resulted in diminished growth of the epicotyl, at medium potency there is no effect, an at minimum potency growth of epicotyl and hypocotyl was found to be reduced, whereas the growth of roots was stimulated.
Non linear effects are also shown in another experiment that uses two kind of phone emitters (2G and 3G) on leguminous plants and with both are reported significant increments in germination percentage, seedling length, proteins, lipid and Guaiacol content, in all exposure times but seedling length significantly decreased only when the exposure was of 30 min (and not 2,4, or 8 hours). Anyways in all cases the causes are non-natural processes like a stress condition induced by the exposure to mobile phones [137].
Some effect on germination rate are also detected in [138] and another study points out that electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile phones affect seeds in the state of dormancy more than the state of germination [139].
More papers and latest discoveries will be always available in the charts below references.
References:
Very related sections:
↑ text updated: 31/10/2016
↓ tables updated: 19/05/2024
Applied Fields - Hazards
3G & 2G (GSM) Phone MW Hazards Experiments
3G & 2G Phone radiation effects on Brain: Various Changes ║ 3G & 2G Phone radiation effects on Brain: EEG Changes ║ 3G & 2G Phone radiation effects on Behavior and Locomotion ║ Prenatal Exposure to 3G & 2G Phone radiation effects on pups Histology ║ Prenatal Exposure to 3G & 2G Phone radiation effects on embryonic Development ║ Prenatal Exposure to 3G & 2G Phone radiation effects on pups Biochemical parameters ║ Prenatal Exposure to 3G & 2G Phone radiation effects on pups Brain and Behavior ║ Prenatal Exposure to 3G & 2G Phone radiation effects on pups (Various changes) ║ Effects of 3G & 2G Phone radiation on Plants Growth ║ Biochemical changes provoked by 3G & 2G Phone radiation: Oxidative Stress ║ Biochemical changes provoked by 3G & 2G Phone radiation: Various ║ Proteome changes provoked by 3G & 2G Mobibe Phone radiation ║ Histopathological and Ultrastructural changes provoked by 3G & 2G Phone radiation ║ 3G & 2G Phone radiation damage on Sperm, Testis and Ovaries ║ Consequences of 3G & 2G Mobile Phone radiation on Heart ║ Cancer as side effect of 3G & 2G Mobile Phone radiation ║ DNA Damage provoked by 3G & 2G Phone radiation ║ Various / Other changes provoked by 3G & 2G Mobile Phone radiation
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Effects of head-only exposure to 900 MHz GSM electromagnetic fields in rats: changes in neuronal activity as revealed by c-Fos imaging without concomitant cognitive impairments | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.5-6 W/kg) | 2h/14d | 2024-(49) | Bruno Bontempi, Philippe Lévêque, Diane Dubreuil, Thérèse M. Jay, Jean-Marc Edeline | ||
F | Blood-brain Barrier Dysfunction in Wistar Rats Exposed to Multi-transceiver Mobile Radiofrequency, Sound, and Vibrations | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | -/42d | 2023-(5) | D. U. Jamil, M. I. Umar, A. A. Fasanmade | ||
A | Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation from Mobile Phones on Auditory Brainstem Response | - | - | 2023-(1) | Saurabh Varshney, Sumeet Angral, Pradeep Aggarwal, Suresh Sharma, Narendra Kumar, K. S. B. S. Sasanka, Prem Aanand | ||
F | Mobile Phone Radiation Deflects Brain Energy Homeostasis and Prompts Human Food Ingestion | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.97-1.33 W/kg) | 25m/1d | 2022-(12) | Ewelina K. Wardzinski, Kamila Jauch-Chara, Sarah Haars, Uwe H. Melchert, Harald G. Scholand-Engler, Kerstin M. Oltmanns | ||
A | Protective effect of Date Palm Fruits (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) versus vitamin C against mobile Phone Radiation-induced Pituitary gland damage in rats ("chemical remedy") | - | 1h/28d | 2022-(1) | Rasha Mohamed, Maha Abdul Rahman, Sahar Ali, Heba Ahmed | ||
A | Impaired Memory by Hippocampal Oxidative Stress in Rats Exposed to 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields is Ameliorated by Thymoquinone ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz - 0.009 mW/cm2 | 2h/15d | 2022-(1) | Savas Ustunova, Aysu Kilic, Huri Bulut, Ebru Gurel-Gurevin, Ali Hikmet Eris, Ismail Meral | ||
F | Effects of cellular phone electromagnetic field exposure on the hippocampi of rats in childhood and adolescence | 890-915 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.12 W/kg (body)) | 2h/21-60d | 2021-(8) | Zeynep Hatice Okur, Dilek Sağir | ||
F | Effect of Loranthus longiflorus ethanolic Extract on Neuronal Damage Induced by Electromagnetic Radiation in Wistar Rats ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz (GSM) | 2h/28d | 2021-(7) | Priyadarshini Gouthaman, S. Vijayalakshmi, R. Vijayaraghavan, S. Senthilkumar | ||
F | Evaluation of mobile phone radiation-induced structural changes of rat brain with emphasis on the possible protective role of pomegranate peel extract ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz, 1800 MHz | 1h/60d | 2020-(12) | S. K. M. Belal, O. K. Afifi, A. A. Afeefy | ||
F | Exposure of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Biochemical and Pathological Alterations | 1800 MHz - 0.0116 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.43 W/kg (brain)) | 4h/90d | 2020-(9) | Anjali Sharma, Sadhana Shrivastava, Sangeeta Shukla | ||
A | Neuroprotective efficacy of luteolin on a 900-MHz electromagnetic field-induced cerebellar alteration in adult male rat ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz (SAR, specs, 2 W/kg) | 1h/28d | 2020-(1) | Ahmad Yahyazadeha, Berrin Zuhal Altunkaynak | ||
A | Investigating the impact of mobile range electromagnetic radiation on the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat during working memory | 900 MHz | 3h/28d | 2020-(1) | Shiva Tafakori, Ashkan Farrokhi, Vahid Shalchyan, Mohammad Reza Daliri | ||
F | Effects of Exposures of Mobile Phone Radiation on Cellular Architecture and Redox Status of Mammalian Brain Tissues | 900 MHz | 4-12h/30d | 2020-(6) | Faromika Oluwayomi Peace | ||
F | Non thermal effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on neural cells | 900 MHz (CW & 50 Hz modulated) - 0.0095 mW/cm2 | 10-20m/1d | 2020-(3) | Rosaria Grasso, Rosalia Pellitteri, Santi Armando Caravella, Francesco Musumeci, Giuseppina Raciti, Agata Scordino, Giovanni Sposito, Antonio Triglia, Agata Campisi | ||
F | C-glycosyl flavonoid orientin alleviates learning and memory impairment by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation in mice via improving antioxidant defence mechanism ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz - (SAR, specs, 1.25 W/kg) | 1h/28d | 2019-(6) | Isaac O. Akefe, Ibrahim L. Yusuf, Victoria A. Adegoke | ||
A | Mobile phone induced cognitive and neurochemical consequences | 2100 MHz | 4h/60d | 2019-(1) | Anjali Sharma, Samta Sharma, Sadhana Shrivastava, Pramod Kumar Singhal, Sangeeta Shukla | ||
A | Changes in pyramidal and granular neuron numbers in the rat hippocampus 7 days after exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field during early and mid-adolescence | 900 MHz | 1h/25d | 2019-(1) | Ayşe İkinci Keleş, Jens Randel Nyengaard, Ersan Odacı | ||
A | Investigation of the neuroprotective effects of thymoquinone on rat spinal cord exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic field ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz | 1h/28d | 2019-(1) | Ahmad Yahyazadeh, Berrin Zuhal Altunkaynak | ||
F | The Protective Role of Garlic Aqueous Extract (Allium sativum) against 950MHz Electromagnetic Field Induced Rats Brain Damage ("chemical remedy") | 950 MHz | 1h/21d | 2019-(14) | H. M. Shoman, R. A. El Sayed, N. A. El-Tahawy, E. M. Nasef | ||
F | The Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Protein Expression of Human Astrocytes | 900 MHz, 1800 MHz | 2h-72h | 2019-(10) | Muizudin Mahyudin, Wan Nor Hanis Wan Ahmad, Siti Munirah Md. Noh, Noorul Izzati Hanaf, Mohd Zafran Abdul Aziz, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir, Sushil Kumar Vasudevan | ||
A | The chronic effect of pulsed 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation on amino acid neurotransmitters in three different areas of juvenile and young adult rat brain | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.02 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.843 W/kg) | 1h/30-120d | 2018-(1) | Nawal A. Ahmed, Nasr M. Radwan, Heba S. Aboul Ezz, Yasser A. Khadrawy, Noha A. Salama | ||
F | Hippocampal lipidome and transcriptome profile alterations triggered by acute exposure of mice to GSM 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation: An exploratory study | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.0049-0.0812 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.022-0.366 W/kg) | 2h/1d | 2018-(18) | Adamantia F. Fragopoulou, Alexandros Polyzos, Maria-Despoina Papadopoulou, Anna Sansone, Areti K. Manta, Evangelos Balafas, Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos, Aikaterini Skouroliakou, Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu, Alexandros Georgakilas, Dimitrios J. Stravopodis, Carla Ferreri, Dimitris Thanos, Lukas H. Margaritis | ||
F | Histological study of the effect of cellular phone electromagnetic wave on the neonatal rat cerebellar cortex (in Corean) | 0.0045 mW/cm2 | 1h/21d | 2018-(6) | Jung Mi Han, Jae Hyung Park, Sung Min Nam, Da Eun Lee, Sung Chuel Ahn, Jin Seok Seo, Jong Hwan Lee, Sang Seop Nahm, Nong Hoon Choe, Byung Joon Chang | ||
F | Effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on cerebral cortex of albino rats-a light and electron microscopic study | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | 1-2h/45d | 2018-(7) | Faisal Taufiq, Mohit Srivastava | ||
A | Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure effects on amygdala morphology, place preference behavior and brain caspase-3 activity in rats | 900 MHz - (SAR, specs, 1.15 W/kg) | 1h/28d | 2018-(1) | Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan, Nirupam Mohapatra, Pamala John, Nalini K., Raju Suresh Kumara, Satheesha B. Nayakc, P. Gopalakrishna Bhat | ||
F | Long term exposure to cell phone frequencies (900 and 1800 MHz) induces apoptosis, mitochondrial oxidative stress and TRPV1 channel activation in the hippocampus and dorsal root ganglion of rats | 900 MHz (GSM), 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.032 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.15 W/kg (body)) | 1h/260d | 2018-(11) | Kemal Ertilav, Fuat Uslusoy, Serdar Ataizi, Mustafa Nazıroğlu | ||
F | The effect of mobile phone electromagnetic radiation on brain vessels | 900 MHz (GSM) | 7min/1d | 2017-(3) | M. A. Malikova, A. O. Kaliaev, A. A. Sukhoruchkin, A. S. Bakhmetev | ||
A | Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and stereological analysis of the effect of Ginkgo biloba (Egb761) on the hippocampus of rats exposed to long-term cellphone radiation ("chemical remedy") | (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.89 W/kg) | 4h/30d | 2017-(1) | Fikret Gevrek | ||
A | Effects of acute and chronic exposure to both 900MHz and 2100MHz electromagnetic radiation on glutamate receptor signaling pathway (hippocampus) | 900 MHz (GSM), 2100 MHz (UMTS) - 0.33 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.66 W/kg (brain), 0.27 W/kg (brain)) | 2h/5-50d | 2017-(1) | Çiğdem Gökçek-Saraç, Hakan Er, Ceren Kencebay Manas, Deniz Kantar Gok, Şükrü Özen, Narin Derin | ||
F | Impact of electromagnetic irradiation produced by 3G mobile phone on brain neurotransmitters in mice during growth and development period | 1800 MHz (GSM) | 1.5-3h/28d | 2017-(5) | Fengming Li, Jin Chang, Yinggang Lv, Dianguo Xu, Jianhua Chen, Xuewen Sun | ||
F | Effects of 900-MHz radiation on the hippocampus and cerebellum of adult rats and attenuation of such effects by folic acid and Boswellia sacra ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz | 1h/21d | 2017-(9) | Elfide Gizem Kivrak, Berrin Zuhal Altunkaynak, Isinsu Alkan, Kiymet Kubra Yurt, Adem Kocaman, Mehmet Emin Onger | ||
A | Long-term exposure to a continuous 900 MHz electromagnetic field disrupts cerebellar morphology in young adult male rats | 900 MHz - 0.045 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.01 W/kg (body)) | 1h/45d | 2017-(1) | A. Aslan, A. İkinci, O. Baş, O.F. Sönmez, H. Kaya, E. Odacı | ||
F | Cerebellar histopathological and histochemical alterations induced by electromagnetic field exposure of mice | 900-1800 MHz - (SAR, specs, 0.78 W/kg) | 45min/30d | 2017-(15) | Somaia A. Negm, Amr M. Abd El-Hady, Noha N. Yassen, Alhusain Nagm | ||
F | Effect of Low Level Subchronic Microwave Radiation on Rat Brain | 900-2450 MHz (CW) - (SAR 0.00059-0.00066 W/kg) | 2h/65d | 2016-(10) | Pravin Suryakantrao Deshmukh, Kanu Megha, Namita Nasare, Basu Dev Banerjee, Rafat Sultana Ahmed, Mahesh Pandurang Abegaonkar, Ashok Kumar Tripathi, Pramod Kumari Mediratta | ||
A | Age-dependent acute interference with stem and progenitor cell proliferation in the hippocampus after exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation | 1800 MHz | 8h/3d | 2016-(1) | Falin Xu, Qiongdan Bai, Kai Zhou, Li Ma, Jiajia Duan, Fangli Zhuang, Cuicui Xie, Wenli Li, Peng Zou, Changlian Zhu | ||
F | Effects of Long Term Exposure of 900-1800 MHz Radiation Emitted from 2G Mobile Phone on Mice Hippocampus- A Histomorphometric Study | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.6 W/kg (10g)) | 48m/30-180d | 2016-(6) | N. Mugunthan, K. Shanmugasamy, J. Anbalagan, S. Rajanarayanan, S. Meenachi | ||
A | Pernicious effects of long-term, continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field throughout adolescence on hippocampus morphology, biochemistry and pyramidal neuron numbers in 60-day-old Sprague Dawley male rats | 900 MHz | 1h/39d | 2016-(1) | Gökçen Kerimoğlu, Hatice Hancı, Orhan Baş, Ali Aslan, Hüseyin Serkan Erol, Alpgiray Turgut, Haydar Kaya, Soner Çankaya, Osman Fikret Sönmez, Ersan Odacı | ||
A | Deleterious impacts of a 900-MHz electromagnetic field on hippocampal pyramidal neurons of 8-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats | 900 MHz | 1h/30d | 2015-(1) | Arzu Şahin, Ali Aslan, Orhan Baş, Ayşe İkinci, Cansu Özyılmaz, Osman Fikret Sönmez, Serdar Çolakoğlu, Ersan Odaci | ||
F | Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation from Smartphones on Learning Ability and Hippocampal Progenitor Cell Proliferation in Mice | - | - | 2015-(6) | Yu-Jin Choi, Yun-Sik Choi | ||
A | Exposure to 900MHz electromagnetic fields activates the mkp-1/ERK pathway and causes blood-brain barrier damage and cognitive impairment in rats | 900 MHz (CW) - 1 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.016-2 W/kg (body-head)) | 3h/14-28d | 2015-(1) | Jun Tang, Yuan Zhang, Liming Yang, Qianwei Chen, Liang Tan, Shilun Zuo, Hua Feng, Zhi Chen, Gang Zhu | ||
F | Frequent cellular phone use modifies hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to a cellular phone call after mental stress in healthy children and adolescents: A pilot study | (GSM & 3G) - (SAR 0.26-0.57 W/kg) | 5min/1d | 2015-(7) | Styliani A. Geronikolou, Aikaterini Chamakou, Aimilia Mantzou, George Chrousos, Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein | ||
F | Does the Brain Detect 3G Mobile Phone Radiation Peaks? An Explorative In-Depth Analysis of an Experimental Study | (3G) - (SAR, specs, 0.69 W/kg (head)) | 15min/1d | 2015-(11) | Suzanne Roggeveen, Jim van Os, Richel Lousberg | ||
F | Effect of Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation on Monoamine Neurotransmitters and Their Key Regulating Enzymes in Rat Brain | 900-1800 MHz - (SAR 0.00059 W/kg) | 2h/30d | 2015-(8) | Kanu Megha, Pravin S. Deshmukh, Alok K. Ravi, Ashok K. Tripathi, Mahesh P. Abegaonkar, Basu D. Banerjee | ||
F | The effects of mobile phones on apoptosis in cerebral tissue: an experimental study on rats | 1900-2100 MHz - 0.001-0.081 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.004-0.28 W/kg (brain)) | 7 x 5min/28d | 2014-(9) | A. Yilmaz, N. Yilmaz, Y. Serarslan, M. Aras, M. Altas, T. Özgür, F. Sefil | ||
F | Biochemical Modifications and Neuronal Damage in Brain of Young and Adult Rats After Long-Term Exposure to Mobile Phone Rasdiations | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.13 W/kg) | 2h/60d | 2014-(11) | Tarek K. Motawi, Hebatallah A. Darwish , Yasser M. Moustafa, Mohammed M. Labib | ||
F | Evaluation of oxidant stress and antioxidant defense in discrete brain regions of rats exposed to 900 MHz radiation | 900 MHz (GSM) - max. 0.146 mW/cm2 | 1h/28d | 2014-(7) | S. N. Narayanan, R. S. Kumar, V. Kedage, K. Nalini, S. Nayak, P. G. Bhat | ||
A | Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain | 900 MHz (GSM) (SAR 0.19-0.14 W/kg (1g-brain)) | 3h/365d | 2014-(1) | Suleyman Dasdag, Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag, Mehmet Emin Erdal, Nurten Erdal, Ozlem Izci Ay, Mustafa Ertan Ay, Senay Gorucu Yilmaz, Bahar Tasdelen, Korkut Yegin | ||
F | Effects of cell phone radiation on migration of granule cells in rat cerebellum | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | 30min, 2h, 8h/1d | 2014-(8) | Hiva Mohammadi Bolbanabad, Mohammad Reza Kaffashian, Daryoush Fatehi, Ayoob Rostamzadeh | ||
F | Effects of mobile phone radiation (900 MHz radiofrequency) on structure and functions of rat brain | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.99 W/kg) | 4h/15d | 2014-(8) | Nidhi Saikhedkar, Maheep Bhatnagar, Ayushi Jain, Pooja Sukhwal, Chhavi Sharma, Neha Jaiswal | ||
F | The effect of pulsed electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in four different areas of rat brain | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.02 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.84 W/kg) | 1h/30, 60, 120d | 2013-(7) | H.S. Aboul Ezz, Y.A. Khadrawy, N.A. Ahmed, N.M. Radwan, M.M. El Bakry | ||
F | Effect of 3G Cell Phone Exposure with Computer Controlled 2-D Stepper Motor on Non-thermal Activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK Stress Pathway in Rat Brain | 2115 MHz (3G) - (SAR 0.26 W/kg) | 2h/60d | 2013-(14) | Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Ramovatar Meena, Jayprakash Nirala, Jitender Kumar, H. N. Verma | ||
F | InVitro Exposure of Neuronal Networks to a GSM-1800 Signal | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 3.2 W/kg) | 3min/1d | 2013-(8) | Daniela Moretti, Andre Garenne, Emmanuelle Haro, Florence Poulletier de Gannes, Isabelle Lagroye, Philippe Léveque, Bernard Veyret, Noelle Lewis | ||
F | Effects of long-term electromagnetic field exposure on spatial learning and memory in rats | 916 MHz (CW) - 1 mW/cm2 | 6h/50d | 2013-(8) | Dongmei Hao, Lei Yang, Su Chen, Jun Tong, Yonghao Tian, Benhang Su, Shuicai Wu, Yanjun Zeng | ||
F | Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on sector CA3 of hippocampus in albino rats- A light and electron-microscopic study | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | 20min-2h/28d | 2013-(6) | Khursheed Faridi, Aijaz Ahmed Khan | ||
F | Early Postnatal Mobile Phone (900 MHz) Exposure Affects Superoxide and Catalase Enzyme Activity in Rat Brain Tissue (in Farsi) | (GSM) | - | 2013-(9) | Mohammad Reza Bigdeli, Mehdi Rahnama | ||
F | Effects of electromagnetic radiation on spatial memory and synapses in rat hippocampal CA1 | 900 MHz (GSM)- (SAR 0.52-1.08 W/kg) | 2h/30d | 2012-(8) | Yuhong Li, Changhua Shi, Guobing Lu, Qian Xu, Shaochen Liu | ||
F | Effect of Exposure of 900 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation on Rat Brain | 900 MHz (2G CDMA) - (SAR, specs, 1.09 W/kg (head)) | 4h, 8h/60d | 2012-(6) | M. R. Usikalu, S. O. Rotimi, A. E. Oguegbu | ||
F | The effects of long term exposure of magnetic field via 900-MHz GSM radiation on some biochemical parameters and brain histology in rats | 900 MHz (GSM) | 30min/80d + prenat. | 2012-(13) | Saadet D. Celikozlu, M. Sabri Ozyurt, Ali Cimbiz, Melda Y. Yardimoglu, M. Kasim Cayci, Yusuf Ozay | ||
F | "Non-thermal" Effects on the Blood-Brain Barrier in Fischer rats by exposure to microwaves | 915 MHz (CW, GSM, & others)- SAR 0.0002-2 W/kg) | 2 to 910min/1d | 2012-(39) | Bertil Persson, Lars Malmgren, Arne Brun, Jacob Eberhardt, Henrietta Nittby, Leif Salford | ||
A | Effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in male and female rats | 900-1800 MHz (CW) - (SAR 0.0042-0.0014 W/kg) | 20min/1d | 2011-(1) | Bahriye Sirav, Nesrin Seyhan | ||
F | Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose Metabolism | 837 MHz - (SAR, specs, 0.9 W/kg (head)) | 50min/1d | 2011-(14) | Nora D. Volkow, Dardo Tomasi, Gene-Jack Wang, Paul Vaska, Joanna S. Fowler, Frank Telang, Dave Alexoff, Jean Logan, Christopher Wong | ||
F | Effect of Ginseng on Calretinin Expression in Mouse Hippocampus Following Exposure to 835 MHz Radiofrequency ("chemical remedy") | 835 MHz - (SAR 1.6 W/kg (body)) | 5h/5d | 2011-(11) | Bijay Aryal, Dhiraj Maskey, Myeung-Ju Kim, Jae-Won Yang, and Hyung-Gun Kim | ||
F | 900-MHz microwave radiation promotes oxidation in rat brain | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.9 W/kg) | 2h/45d | 2011-(16) | Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Sanjay Kumar, Jitendra Behari | ||
F | Increased blood–brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.00012-0.12 W/kg) | 2h/1d | 2009-(10) | Henrietta Nittby, Arne Brun, Jacob Eberhardt, Lars Malmgren, Bertil R.R. Persson, Leif G. Salford | ||
F | Effects from 884 MHz mobile phone radiofrequency on brain electrophysiology, sleep, cognition, and well-being | 884 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 1.4 W/kg (10g)) | 3h/1d | 2009-(4) | Bengt B. Arnetz, Lena Hillert, Torbjörn Åkerstedt, Arne Lowden, Niels Kuster, Sven Ebert, Clementine Boutry, Scott Douglas Moffat, Mats Berg, Clairy Wiholm |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on brain waves in healthy volunteers | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.0076 mW/cm2 | 18m/1d | 2023-(10) | Johan N. van der Meer, Yke B. Eisma, Ronald Meester, Marc Jacobs, Aart J. Nederveen | ||
A | Theta band brainwaves in human resting EEG modulated by mobile phone radiofrequency | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.49 W/kg (10g)) | - | 2023-(1) | Jasmina Wallace, Wendi Shang, Christophe Gitton, Laurent Hugueville, Lydia Yahia-Cherif, Brahim Selmaoui | ||
F | Modulation of magnetoencephalography alpha band activity by radiofrequency electromagnetic field depicted in sensor and source space | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.49 W/kg (10g)) | 25m/1d | 2021-(17) | Jasmina Wallace, Lydia Yahia-Cherif, Christophe Gitton, Laurent Hugueville, Jean-Didier Lemaréchal, Brahim Selmaoui | ||
A | Experimental Study of Potential Adverse Effects on the Auditory System of Rabbits Exposed to Short-Term GSM-1800 Radiation | 1800 MHz (GSM) | 1-60m/1d | 2020-(1) | Antigoni E. Kaprana, Ioannis O. Vardiambasis, Theodoros N. Kapetanakis, Melina P. Ioannidou, Christos D. Nikolopoulos, Grigorios E. Lyronis | ||
F | The effect of short-term electromagnetic fields caused by mobile phones on the electrical activity of alpha and beta brain waves | 900 MHz - 0.00118 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.34 W/kg (10g)) | 3min/1d | 2020-(5) | Mehmet Cihan Yavaş | ||
F | Effect of Mobile Phone Radiation on EEG Wave | 900-1800 MHz | - | 2019-(5) | D. S. Bhangari, A. C. Bhagali, R. V. Kshirsagar | ||
F | Impact analysis of mobile phone electromagnetic radiations on human electroencephalogram | (GSM & 3G WCDMA) - (SAR, specs, 0.67-1.14 W/kg) | - | 2019-(12) | Suman Pattnaik, Balwinder Singh Dhaliwal, S. S. Pattnaik | ||
F | Decreased spontaneous electrical activity in neuronal networks exposed to radiofrequency 1,800 MHz signals | 1800 MHz (GSM & CW) - (SAR 0.01-9.2 W/kg) | 15min/17-28d | 2018-(11) | Corinne El Khoueiry, Daniela Moretti, Rémy Renom, Francesca Camera, Rosa Orlacchio, André Garenne, Florence Poulletier De Gannes, Emmanuelle Poque-Haro, Isabelle Lagroye, Bernard Veyret, Noëlle Lewis | ||
F | Mobile Phone Chips Reduce Increases in EEG Brain Activity Induced by Mobile Phone-Emitted Electromagnetic Fields ("physical remedy") | - | 30min/1d | 2018-(11) | Diana Henz, Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn, Burkhard Poeggeler | ||
F | Energy Changes in Brain Under Mobile Phone Radiation | (GSM & CDMA) - (SAR, specs, 0.84-1.12 W/kg) | 5min/1d | 2016-(6) | C. K. Smitha, N. K. Narayanan | ||
F | Impacts of radio frequency interference on human brain waves and neuro-psychological changes | 1800 MHz (CW) - 0.009 mW/cm2 | 5min/1d | 2015-(6) | Y. Q. He, S. W. Leung,; Y. L. Diao, W. N. Sun, Y. M. Siu, P. Sinha, K. H. Chan | ||
F | Radiofrequency signal affects alpha band in resting electroencephalogram | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.49-0.70-0.93 W/kg (10g-1g-peak)) | 26min/1d | 2015-(8) | Rania Ghosn, Lydia Yahia-Cherif, Laurent Hugueville, Antoine Ducorps, Jean-Didier Lemaréchal, György Thuróczy, René de Seze, Brahim Selmaoui | ||
F | EEG Changes Due to Experimentally Induced 3G Mobile Phone Radiation | (3G) - (SAR, specs, 0.69 W/kg (head)) | 15min/1d | 2015-(13) | Suzanne Roggeveen, Jim van Os, Wolfgang Viechtbauer, Richel Lousberg | ||
F | Brain Dynamics under Mobile Phone Radiation Using Various Fractal Dimension Methods | (SAR, specs, 0.98-1.3 W/kg) | 5 + 5min/1d | 2014-(15) | C.K. Smitha, N.K. Narayanan | ||
F | Brain Dynamics under Mobile Phone Radiation – A Wavelet Power Approach | (SAR, specs, 0.98-1.3 W/kg) | 5 + 5min/1d | 2014-(6) | C.K. Smitha, N.K. Narayanan | ||
F | Non-thermal continuous and modulated electromagnetic radiation fields effects on sleep EEG of rats | 900 MHz (8-16 Hz modulated) - 0.025 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.245 W/kg (1g)) | 1h/30d | 2013-(7) | Haitham S. Mohammed, Heba M. Fahmy, Nasr M. Radwan, Anwar A. Elsayed | ||
F | Classification of brainwave asymmetry influenced by mobile phone radiofrequency emission | (SAR, specs, 0.69 W/kg) | 5min/1d | 2013-(8) | R.M. Isa, I. Pasya, M.N. Taib, A.H. Jahidin, W.R.W. Omar, N. Fuad, H. Norhazman, S.B. Kutty, S.F.S. Adnan | ||
F | Detecting Effects Of Mobile Phone EMF On Electric Potentials Of The Brain | (GSM) | 30min/1d | 2012-(4) | I.A. Menon, A.A. Menon, N. Channa, I.H. Kalwar | ||
F | Long-term low-level electromagnetic radiation causes changes in EEG of freely-moving rats | 900 MHz - 0.02 mW/cm2 (SAR 1.165 W/kg) | 1h/30d, 60d, 120d | 2011-(9) | H.S. Mohammed, N.M. Radwan, Nawal A. Ahmed | ||
A | Mobile phone emission modulates event-related desynchronization of alpha rhythms and cognitive–motor performance in healthy humans | 902.4 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.5 W/kg) | 45min/1d | 2011-(8) | Fabrizio Vecchio, Paola Buffo, Silvia Sergio, Daniela Iacoviello, Paolo Maria Rossini | ||
F | Effects of 2G and 3G mobile phones on performance and electrophysiology in adolescents, young adults and older adults | (GSM & 3G) | 10-60m/1d | 2011-(47) | S. Leung, R.J. Croft, R.J. McKenzie, S. Iskra, B. Silber, N.R. Cooper, B. O’Neill, V. Cropley, A. Diaz-Trujillo, D. Hamblin, D. Simpson | ||
A | Mobile phone emission modulates inter-hemispheric functional coupling of EEG alpha rhythms in elderly compared to young subjects | (GSM) | 45min/1d | 2010-(1) | F. Vecchio, C. Babiloni, F. Ferreri, P. Buffo, G. Cibelli, G. Curcio, S. van Dijkman, J.M. Melgari, F. Giambattistelli, P.M. Rossini. |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Lipoic acid inhibits cognitive impairment induced by multiple cell phones in young male rats: role of Sirt1 and Atg7 pathway ("chemical remedy") | 850-1900 MHz (GSM) | 2h/72d | 2023-(17) | Bataa M. A. El‐Kafoury, Enas A. Abdel‐Hady, Wesam El Bakly, Wael M. Elayat, Ghada Galal Hamam, Samar M. M. Abd El Rahman, Noha N. Lasheen | ||
F | Research for self-reported health problems after excessive talking time on mobile phones among university students | - | - | 2023-(9) | Leonidas Gavrilas, Konstantinos T. Kotsis | ||
F | Locomotor Activity of Ixodes ricinus Females in 900 MHz Electromagnetic Field | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.0001 mW/cm2 | 2h/1d | 2022-(11) | Blažena Vargová, Igor Majláth, Juraj Kurimský, Roman Cimbala, Ján Zbojovský, Piotr Tryjanowski, Viktoria Majláthová | ||
F | The association of smart mobile phone usage with cognitive function impairment in Saudi adult population | - | - | 2020-(6) | Thamir M. Al-khlaiwi, Syed Shahid Habib, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Mohammed S. Alqhtani, Abeer A. Ogailan | ||
F | The Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on the Behavior of Mice | - | 70d | 2020-(13) | Roberto Carlos Vera, Israel Muñoz | ||
F | The influence of electromagnetic radiation of cell phones on the behavior of animals | - | 8h/1d | 2020-(7) | Innar Sultangaliyeva, Raikhan Beisenova, Rumiya Tazitdinova, Akhan Abzhalelov, Marat Khanturin | ||
F | Sleep loss among Thai high school students smartphone users affected by smartphone electromagnetic pollution: Time series study | - | - | 2020-(11) | Wanna Chongchitpaisan, Phongtape Wiwatanadate, Assawin Narkpongphun, Surat Tanprawate, Nipapon Siripon | ||
F | Formation of personality character accentuations in modern conditions of the increased electromagnetic radiation of radiofrequency range (in Russian) | - | - | 2020-(5) | Serhieieva Liubov, Valchenko Oleksandr, Serhieieva Victoriya, Hliebova Olena | ||
F | Toxic Systemic Hazards of Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted By Smartphone: A National Survey in Great Cairo Governorate | - | - | 2019-(14) | Nancy M. Zaghloul, Asmaa S. El Banna | ||
F | Mobile phones, user behaviour, radiation effects and cognitive performance | - | - | 2019-(406) | Jo Fowler | ||
F | Dataset on significant role of Candesartan on cognitive functions in rats having memory impairment induced by electromagnetic waves ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.165 mW/cm2 | 24h/35d | 2018-(5) | Mohamad Nasser, Pia Chedid, Ali Salami, Mariam Khalifeh, Said El Shamieh, Wissam H. Joumaa | ||
A | Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure and sleep in adolescents | - | - | 2018-(1) | Alba Cabré, Martine Vrijheid, Elisabeth Cardis, Maties Torrent, Mònica Guxens | ||
F | Effects of short and long term electromagnetic fields exposure on the human hippocampus | - | - | 2017-(7) | Omur Gulsum Deniz, Suleyman Kaplan, Mustafa Bekir Selçuk, Murat Terzi, Gamze Altun, Kıymet Kübra Yur, Kerim Asla, Devra Davis | ||
F | Ticks and radio-frequency signals: behavioural response of ticks (Dermacentor reticulatus) in a 900 MHz electromagnetic field | 900 MHz - 0.00007 mW/cm2 | 15m/1d | 2017-(11) | Blažena Vargová, Juraj Kurimský, Roman Cimbala, Michal Kosterec, Igor Majláth, Natália Pipová, Piotr Tryjanowski, Łukasz Jankowiak, Viktória Majláthová | ||
F | Neurobehavioural Changes and Brain Oxidative Stress Induced by Acute Exposure to GSM900 Mobile Phone Radiations in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.34 W/kg) | 1h/14d | 2016-(10) | Abhijit Nirwane, Vinay Sridhar, Anuradha Majumdar | ||
A | Does the cellphone radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation during ringing or talking modes induce locomotor disturbance in Drosophila melanogaster? | - | 1h, 2h/1d | 2016-(1) | Mervat A. Seada, Samar E. Elkholy, Wesam S. Meshrif | ||
F | Cell phone-generated radio frequency electromagnetic field effects on the locomotor behaviors of the fishes Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.9 W/kg) | 3min/1d | 2015-(9) | David Lee, Joshua Lee, Imshik Lee | ||
F | Effect of Short-Term GSM Radiation at Representative Levels in Society on a Biological Model: The Ant Myrmica sabuleti | 940 MHz (GSM) - 0.0006 mW/cm2 | 10-13min/1d | 2014-(13) | Marie-Claire Cammaerts, Guy A. E. Vandenbosch, Vladimir Volski | ||
F | Spatial learning, monoamines and oxidative stress in rats exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic field in combination with iron overload | 900 MHz - (SAR 0.05-0.18 W/kg) | 1h/21d | 2014-(10) | Karima Maaroufia, Laurence Had-Aissouni, Christophe Melon, Mohsen Sakly, Hafedh Abdelmelek, Bruno Poucet, Etienne Save | ||
A | Transient and cumulative memory impairments induced by GSM 1.8 GHz cell phone signal in a mouse model | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.11 W/kg) | 1.5h/66d, 148d | 2013-(1) | Maria P. Ntzouni, Aikaterini Skouroliakou, Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos, and Lukas H. Margaritis | ||
F | Analysis of emotionality and locomotion in radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposed rats | 900 MHz (GSM) - max. 0.14 mW/cm2 | 1h/28d | 2013-(8) | Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan, Raju Suresh Kumar, Jaijesh Paval, Vivekananda Kedage, M. Shankaranarayana Bhat, Satheesha Nayak, P. Gopalakrishna Bhat | ||
F | Protective effect of Loranthus longiflorus on learning and memory of rats exposed to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) ("chemical remedy") | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | (5 min call/5 min off) 1h/60d | 2013-(4) | Hemant Nagar, Dilip Kumar Tiwari, Gaurav Dwivedi, Rishi Kant Tripathi, Jitendra Jena | ||
F | Loranthus longiflorus protect central nervous system against oxidative damages of electromagnetic radiation on rat ("chemical remedy") | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | (5 min call/5 min off) 1h/60d | 2013-(4) | Hemant Nagar, Dilip Kumar Tiwari, Gaurav Dwivedi, Rishi Kant Tripathi, Jitendra Jena | ||
F | The Effect of Cell Phone Radiations on the Life Cycle of Honeybees | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) 0.015 mW/cm2 | - | 2013-(7) | Nashaat El Halabi, Roger Achkar, Gaby Abou Haidab | ||
F | Food collection and response to pheromones in an ant species exposed to electromagnetic radiation | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.00016 mW/cm2 | - | 2012-(18) | Marie-Claire Cammaerts, Zoheir Rachidi, François Bellens, Philippe De Doncker | ||
F | 916 MHz electromagnetic field exposure affects rat behavior and hippocampal neuronal discharge | 916 MHz - 1 mW/cm2 | 6h/10d, 45d | 2012-(5) | Dongmei Hao, Lei Yang, Su Chen, Yonghao Tian, Shuicai Wu | ||
F | Changes in Paramecium caudatum (Protozoa) near a switched-on GSM telephone | 900 MHz (GSM) | 2min/1d | 2011-(10) | Marie-Claire Cammaerts, Olivier Debeir, Roger Cammaerts | ||
A | Short-term memory in mice is affected by mobile phone radiation | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.22 W/kg) | 90min/17d, 31d | 2011-(7) | M.P. Ntzouni, A. Stamatakis, F. Stylianopoulou, L.H. Margaritis | ||
F | Whole body exposure with GSM 900 MHz affects spatial memory in mice | 900 MHz - 0.05-0.2 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.41-0.98 W/kg (brain)) | 2h/3d + 3h45m/1d | 2010-(9) | A.F. Fragopoulou, P. Miltiadous, A. Stamatakis, F. Stylianopoulou, S.L. Koussoulakos, L.H. Margaritis |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Effects of Electromagnetic Field (1.8/0.9 GHz) Exposure on Spleen in Rats | 900/1800 MHz (GSM) | 24h/20d | 2023-(5) | Ilker Kiziloglu, Yeliz Yilmaz, Levent Tumkaya, Dilek Akakin, Dila Sener Akcor | ||
F | The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the development of skin ultrastructural and inmunohistochemical evaluation with P63 | 900 MHz (GSM) | 1h/21d | 2018-(8) | Leyla Bahar, Ayhan Eralp, Yilmaz Rumevleklioglu, Sema Erden Erturk, Mehmet Yuncu | ||
F | Effect of Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted from 2G and 3G Cell Phone on Developing Liver of Chick Embryo – A Comparative Study | (2G & 3G) - (SAR, specs, 0.31 W/kg) | 75min/12d | 2017-(5) | Mary Hydrina D’Silva, Rijied Thompson Swer, J. Anbalagan, Bhargavan Rajesh | ||
A | Disruption of the ovarian follicle reservoir of prepubertal rats following prenatal exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field | 900 MHz - (SAR 0.01 W/kg (body)) | 1h/9d | 2016-(10) | Sibel Türedi, Hatice Hancı, Serdar Colakoglu, Haydar Kaya, Ersan Odacı | ||
F | Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on 60-day-old rat testis and epididymal sperm quality | 900 MHz - 0.047 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.024 W/kg (body)) | 1h/9d | 2015-(12) | E. Odacı, H. Hancı, E. Yuluğ, S. Türedi, Y. Aliyazıcıoğlu, H. Kaya, S. Çolakoğlu | ||
F | Effects of Cell Phone Radiations on the Metanephros Tubules in a Chick Embryo Model | (GSM) & (GSM + WiFi) | 15min, 30min/15d | 2015-(5) | Sabah Rehman, Shadab Ahmed Butt, Naureen Waseem, Hina Kundi, Abdul Rasool Qamar | ||
A | Structural changes in the parotid gland of male albino rats following prenatal and postnatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation | 900 MHz | 30min/14d, 28d | 2015-(1) | Amira Fathy, Rehab A. Rifaai, Ahmed Said, Saadia Ragab | ||
F | The effects of prenatal long-duration exposure to 900-MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-day-old newborn male rat liver | 900 MHz - 0.054 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.027 W/kg (body)) | 1h/9d | 2015-(7) | Zehra Topal, Hatice Hanci, Tolga Mercantepe, Hüseyin Serkan Erol, Osman Nuri Keles, Haydar Kaya, Sevdegül Mungan, Ersan Odaci | ||
F | Pathological effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-day-old male rat kidney | 900 MHz - 0.049 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.024 W/kg (body)) | 1h/9d | 2015-(9) | E. Odacı, D. Ünal, T. Mercantepe, Z. Topal, H. Hancı, S. Türedi, H.S. Erol, S. Mungan, H. Kaya, S. Çolakoğlu | ||
F | The effect of exposure of rats during prenatal period to radiation spreading from mobile phones on renal development | 900 MHz (GSM) | 24h/20d | 2014-(5) | Recep Bedir, Levent Tumkaya, İbrahim Şehitoğlu, Yıldıray Kalkan, Adnan Yilmaz, Osman Zikrullah Şahin | ||
F | Effect of Ultrahigh Frequency Radiation Emitted from 2G Cell Phone on Developing Lens of Chick Embryo: A Histological Study | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 2 W/kg) | 72min/9-12d | 2014-(10) | Mary Hydrina D’Silva, Rijied Thompson Swer, J. Anbalagan, Rajesh Bhargavan | ||
F | Apoptosis resulted from radiofrequency radiation exposure of pregnant rabbits and their infants | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.051 mW/cm2 | 15m/7d | 2011-(8) | Goknur Guler, Elcin Ozgur, Hikmet Keles, Arin Tomruk, Sevil Atalay Vural, Nesrin Seyhan |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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A | Detrimental effects of electromagnetic radiation emitted from cell phone on embryo morphokinetics and blastocyst viability in mice | 900-1800 MHz | 30m/1d | 2024-(1) | Mohammad Seify, Mohammad Ali Khalili, Fatemeh Anbari, Yeganeh Koohestanidehaghi | ||
F | Morphometric analysis – effect of the radiofrequency interface of electromagnetic field on the size of hatched Dermacentor reticulatus larvae | 900 MHz - 0.0001 mW/cm2 | 30-90min/1d | 2021-(7) | Blažena Vargová, Igor Majlath, Juraj Kurimský, Roman Cimbala, Natalia Pipova, Jozef Živčák, Piotr Tryjanowski, Branislav Peťko, Jaroslav Džmura, Gabriela Ižariková, Viktoria Majláthová | ||
A | Mobile phone use during pregnancy: which association with fetal growth? | - | - | 2020-(1) | Nathalie Boileau, François Margueritte, Tristan Gauthier, Nedjma Boukeffa, Pierre-Marie Preux, Anaïs Labrunie, Yves Aubard | ||
F | Effects of Electromagnetic Field on the Development of Chick Embryo: An In Vivo Study | 1800 MHz (GSM) | 20 min/10-15d | 2019-(18) | Najam Siddiqi, Nasser Al Nazwani | ||
F | The effect of prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field on calcineurin and bone development in rats | 1800 MHz (GSM) | 6h, 12h, 24h /pregnancy | 2016-(10) | Adem Erkut, Levent Tumkaya, Mehmet Sabri Balik, Yildiray Kalkan, Yilmaz Guvercin, Adnan Yilmaz, Suleyman Yuce, Erkan Cure, Ibrahim Sehitoglu | ||
F | Different periods of intrauterine exposure to electromagnetic field: Influence on female rats' fertility, prenatal and postnatal development | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.396 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.048 W/kg (body)) | 1h, 2h/ 7d, 14d, 21d | 2016-(10) | Ali S.H. Alchalabi, Erkihun Aklilu, Abd Rahman Aziz, F. Malek, S.H. Ronald, Mohd Azam Khan | ||
A | The effect of 900 and 1800 MHz GSM-like radiofrequency irradiation and nicotsine sulfate administration on the embryonic development of Xenopus laevis | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 1 W/kg (body)) | 4h, 6h, 8h/1d | 2015-(13) | Ayper Boga, Mustafa Emre, Yasar Sertdemir, Kubra Akillioglu, Secil Binokay, Osman Demirhan | ||
F | Effects of Mobile Phone 1800 MHz Electromagnetic Field on the Development of Chick Embryos – A Pilot Study | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.47-1.10 W/kg (body-head)) | 50min/1d | 2015-(5) | Najam Siddiqi, Muthusami John C, Syed M Saud, Ayesha Shafaq, Marwan Zaki | ||
F | The Effects of 900 Megahertz Electromagnetic Field Applied in the Prenatal Period on Spinal Cord Morphology and Motor Behavior in Female Rat Pups | 900 MHz - 0.026 mW/cm2 | 1h/7d | 2013-(9) | Ersan Odacı, Ayşe İkinci, Mehmet Yıldırım, Haydar Kaya, Metehan Akça, Hatice Hancı, Osman Fikret Sönmez, Ali Aslan, Mukadder Okuyan, Orhan Baş |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Impact of GSM-EMW exposure on the markers of oxidative stress in fetal rat liver | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.165 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.76 W/kg in liver) | 24h/ pregnancy | 2023-(14) | Mariam Salameh, Sukaina Zeitoun‐Ghandour, Lina Sabra, Ahmad Daher, Mahmoud Khalil, Wissam H. Joumaa | ||
A | Detrimental effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phones on morphokinetics, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mouse preimplantation embryos | 800-1800 MHz | 30min/5d | 2023-(1) | Yeganeh Koohestanidehaghi, Mohammad Ali Khalili, Farzaneh Fesahat, Mohammad Seify, Esmat Mangoli, Seyed Mehdi Kalantar, Stefania Annarita Nottola, Guido Macchiarelli, Maria Grazia Palmerini | ||
A | Short-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation and metabolic enzymes’ activities during pregnancy and prenatal development | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.052 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.002 W/kg) | 15min/7d | 2022-(1) | Arın Tomruk, Elcın Ozgur-Buyukatalay, Goknur Guler Ozturk, N. Nuray Ulusu | ||
F | Effects of Continuous Prenatal and Postnatal Global System for Mobile Communications Electromagnetic Waves (Gsm-Emw) Exposure on the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Female Newborn Rat's Liver | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.019 W/kg) | 24h/ pregnancy + 21d | 2022-(36) | Mariam Salameh, Sukaina Zeitoun-Ghandour, Lina Sabra, Lina Ismail, Ahmad Daher, Ali Bazzi, Mahmoud Khalil, Wissam H. Joumaa | ||
F | Effects of Exposure to Electromagnetic Waves from 3G Mobile Phones on Oxidative Stress in Fetal Rats | (2G & 3G) | 8h / pregnancy | 2018-(5) | Indra Fauzi Sabban, Galih Pangesti, Hendry Trisakti Saragih | ||
A | Exposure to mobile phone (900–1800 MHz) during pregnancy: tissue oxidative stress after childbirth | 900-1800 MHz | 2h/20d | 2017-(1) | Mohammad Hossein Bahreyni Toossi, Hamid Reza Sadeghnia, Maryam Mohammad Mahdizadeh Feyzabadi, Mahmoud Hosseini, Mahdiyeh Hedayati, Razieh Mosallanejad, Farimah Beheshti, Zeynab Alizadeh Rahvar | ||
F | Monochromatic red light of LED protects embryonic cells from oxidative stress caused by radiofrequency radiation ("physical remedy") | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.014 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.017 W/kg) | 158h | 2016-(7) | Olexandr Tsybulin, Evgeniy Sidorik, Sergiy Kyrylenko, Igor Yakymenko | ||
F | Plasma thyroid hormones and corticosterone levels in blood of chicken embryos and post hatch chickens exposed during incunbation to 1800 MHz electromagnetic fields | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.009-0.011 mW/cm2 | 10 x 4min/1-18d | 2014-(9) | Krzystof Pawlak, Andrzej Sechman, Zenon Nieckarz | ||
F | Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to GSM-Like Radiofrequency on Blood Chemistry and Oxidative Stress in Infant Rabbits, an Experimental Study | 1800 MHz (GSM) | 15min/7d, + 15min/7-14d | 2013-(9) | Elcin Ozgur, Gorkem Kismali, Goknur Guler, Aytac Akcay, Guzin Ozkurt, Tevhide Sel, Nesrin Seyhan | ||
F | Overproduction of free radical species in embryonal cells exposed to low intensity radiofrequency radiation | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.00025 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.000003 W/kg) | 38h, 120h, 240h | 2013-(7) | A. Burlaka, O. Tsybulin, E. Sidorik, S. Lukin, V. Polishuk, S. Tsehmistrenko, I. Yakymenko |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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A | Effects of non-ionizing radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on the development and behavior of early embryos of Danio rerio | 1800 MHz - (SAR 1.13 W/kg) | 1h/5d | 2024-(1) | Rifat Khira, Gowri K. Uggini | ||
A | Quantitative proteomics reveals effects of environmental radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on embryonic neural stem cells | 1950 MHz - (SAR 2 W/kg) | 24h/2d | 2023-(1) | Guangzhou An, Yuntao Jing, Tao Zhao, Wei Zhang, Ling Guo, Juan Guo, Xia Miao, Junling Xing, Jing Li, Junye Liu,Guirong Ding | ||
F | Myrtenal improves memory deficits in mice exposed to radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation during gestational and neonatal development via enhancing oxido-inflammatory, and neurotransmitter functions ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz | 1h/ gestational period, neonatal development | 2023-(12) | Isaac Oluwatobi Akefe, Ezekiel Stephen Nyan, Victoria Aderonke Adegoke, Ibrahim Yusuf Lamidi, Matthew Phillip Ameh, Uchendu Chidiebere, Simon Azubuike Ubah, Itopa Etudaye Ajayi | ||
F | Impressions of the chronic 900-MHz electromagnetic field in the prenatal period on Purkinje cells in male rat pup cerebella: is it worth mentioning? | 900 MHz | 1h/60d | 2022-(6) | Orhan Bas, Ilker Sengul, Ozge Fatma Mengi Bas, Hatice Hanci, Muhammet Degermenci, Demet Sengul, Emrah Altuntas, Umut Serkan Soztanaci, Osman Fikret Sonmez, José Maria Soares Junior | ||
F | Effect of mobile phone usage duration during pregnancy on the general motor movements of infants | - | - | 2022-(11) | Hava Bektas, Mehmet Selcuk Bektas, Suleyman Dasdag | ||
A | The effects of different herbals on the rat hippocampus exposed to electromagnetic field for one hour during the prenatal period ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz | 1h/prenatal period | 2021-(1) | Ömür Gülsüm Deniz, Süleyman Kaplan | ||
F | Electromagnetic Waves from Mobile Phones may Affect Rat Brain During Development | 1800 MHz (SAR, specs, 1.79 W/kg) | 2h/ gestational period, 60d | 2021-(10) | Dilek Akakin, Olgu Enis Tok, Damla Anil, Akin Akakin, Serap Sirvanci, Goksel Sener, Feriha Ercan | ||
A | Prenatal and early postnatal exposure to radiofrequency waves (900 MHz) adversely affects passive avoidance learning and memory | 900 MHz | 2-4h/ gestational period, 21d | 2020-(1) | Mansour Azimzadeh, Gholamali Jelodar | ||
F | Enriched Environment Decreases Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Rats With Prenatal Mobile Phone Exposure | 800–1900 MHz | 8-24h/19d | 2020-(9) | Shanyan Hong, Honghong Huang, Meili Yang, Haining Wu, Lingxing Wang | ||
F | Alteration of adaptive behaviors of progeny after maternal mobile phone exposure | 900 MHz (GSM) (SAR 0.7-2.6 W/kg (body)) | 45min/19d | 2018-(10) | Nicolas Petitdant, Anthony Lecomte, Franck Robidel, Christelle Gamez, Kelly Blazy, Anne-Sophie Villégier | ||
F | Maternal cell phone use during pregnancy and child behavioral problems in five birth cohorts | - | - | 2017-(26) | Laura Birksa, Mònica Guxens, Eleni Papadopoulou, Jan Alexander, Ferran Ballester, Marisa Estarlich, Mara Gallastegi, Mina Ha, Margaretha Haugen, Anke Huss, Leeka Kheifets, Hyungryul Lim, Jørn Olsen, Loreto Santa-Marina, Madhuri Sudan, Roel Vermeulen, Tanja Vrijkotte, Elisabeth Cardis, Martine Vrijheid | ||
F | Social behavioral testing and brain magnetic resonance imaging in chicks exposed to mobile phone radiation during development | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.003 mW/cm2 | 10h/15d | 2016-(8) | Zien Zhou, Jiehui Shan, Jinyan Zu, Zengai Chen, Weiwei Ma, Lei Li, Jianrong Xu | ||
A | Maternal exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field provokes neuronal loss and pathological changes in cerebellum of 32-day-old female rat offspring | 900 MHz (CW) - (SAR 0.01 W/kg (body)) | 1h /8d | 2015-(1) | Ersan Odacı, Hatice Hancı, Ayşe İkinci, Osman Fikret Sönmez, Ali Aslan, Arzu Şahin, Haydar Kaya, Serdar Çolakoğlu, Orhan Baş | ||
F | Neurodegenerative changes and apoptosis induced by intrauterine and extrauterine exposure of radiofrequency radiation | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.052 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.018 W/kg) | 15min/7d, 14d | 2015-(6) | Göknur Güler, Elcin Ozgur, Hikmet Keles, Arin Tomruk, Sevil Atalay Vural, Nesrin Seyhan | ||
A | Maternal mobile phone exposure alters intrinsic electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat offspring | 900 MHz | 6h/ gestational period | 2014-(1) | Moazamehosadat Razavinasab, Kasra Moazzami, Mohammad Shabani | ||
F | Pyramidal Cell Loss in the Cornu Ammonis of 32-day-old Female Rats Following Exposure to a 900 Megahertz Electromagnetic Field During Prenatal Days 13–21 | 900 MHz (CW) - 0.0265 mW/cm2 | 1h/8d | 2013-(9) | Orhan Baş, Osman Fikret Sönmez, Ali Aslan, Ayşe İkinci, Hatice Hancı, Mehmet Yıldırım, Haydar Kaya, Metehan Akça, Ersan Odacı | ||
F | Maternal mobile phone exposure adversely affects the electrophysiological properties of purkinje neurons in rat offsprings | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.5-0.9 W/kg) | 6h/ gestational period | 2013-(11) | M. Haghani, M. Shabani, K. Moazzami | ||
F | The Effects of Prenatal Exposure to a 900 Megahertz Electromagnetic Field on Hippocampus Morphology and Learning Behavior in Rat Pups | 900 MHz (CW) | 1h/8d | 2013-(9) | Ayşe İkinci, Ersan Odacı, Mehmet Yıldırım, Haydar Kaya, Metehan Akça, Hatice Hancı, Ali Aslan, Osman Fikret Sönmez, Orhan Baş | ||
F | Mobile phone exposure during pregnancy disrupts learning and memory in rat ofsprings (in Farsi) | - | - | 2013-(11) | Mohammad Shabani, Tayebeh Khezri Fard, Mobin Aghapour, Shahrnaz Parsania | ||
F | Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From 800-1900 Mhz-Rated Cellular Telephones Affects Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice | 800-1900 MHz - (SAR, specs, 1.6 W/kg) | 9h, 15h, 24h/18d | 2012-(8) | Tamir S. Aldad, Geliang Gan, Xiao-Bing Gao, Hugh S. Taylor | ||
A | The influence of microwave radiation from cellular phone on fetal rat brain | - | 30min, 90min, 3h/20d | 2012-(1) | Ji Jing, Zhang Yuhua, Yang Xiao-qian, Jiang Rongping, Guo Dong-mei, Cui Xi |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Effect of Electromagnetic Field on the Weight, Number and Development of Offspring of Irradiated Pregnant Rats | 1800 MHz (GSM) | 12h/ gestational period | 2023-(4) | Tea Museliani, Marine Nikolaishvili, Gogi Jikia, Khatuna Dondoladze, Davit Natadze | ||
F | The effect of electromagnetic waves of mobile phones on DNA, RNA content and kidney function in rats before, during and after pregnancy and their offspring | 900 MHz - (SAR 0.974 W/kg) | 2h/21-42d | 2022-(7) | Amira Abd El Raouf, Shenouda M. Girgis | ||
F | Oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity microwave radiation on quail embryos | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0,00032 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.0004 W/Kg) | -/ gestational period | 2022-(10) | A. Burlaka, O. Tsybulin, O. Brieieva, O. Salavor, I. Yakymenko | ||
F | Effect of the Electromagnetic Field as a Negative Stimulus on the Weight, Number and Development of Newborn Rats | 1800 MHz (GSM) | -/ gestational period | 2021-(5) | Tea Museliani, Marine Nikolaishvili, Gogi Jikia, Khatuna Dondoladze, Davit Natadze | ||
F | Histological, Immunohistochemical and Molecular Alterations in Immature Mice Testes Due to Chronic Exposure to Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Radiation | 860 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.09 W/kg (head)) | 30min/45d | 2020-(8) | Samir A. Nassar, Ahmed Algazeery, Gamal A. Sayed, Ahmed, Wafaa A. Abo El-Maaty | ||
A | Does Exposure of Smart Phones during Pregnancy Affect the Offspring’s Ovarian Reserve? A Rat Model Study | - | - | 2019-(1) | Pinar Calis, Merve Seymen, Yagmur Soykan, Kevser Delen, Bahriye Sirav Aral, Gulnur Take Kaplanoglu , Deniz Karcaaltincaba | ||
F | Prenatal Effects of a 1,800-MHz Electromagnetic Field on Rat Livers | 1800 MHz - (SAR 0.12 W/kg) | 6-24h/20d | 2019-(9) | L. Tumkaya, A. Yilmaz, K. Akyildiz, T. Mercantepe, Z. A. Yazici, H. Yilmaz | ||
F | Maternal Cell Phone Use During Pregnancy, Pregnancy Duration And Fetal Growth In Four Birth Cohorts | - | - | 2019-(11) | Ermioni Tsarna, Marije Reedijk, Laura Ellen Birks, Mònica Guxens, Ferran Ballester, Mina Ha, Ana Jiménez-Zabala, Leeka Kheifets, Aitana Lertxundi, Hyung-ryul Lim, Jorn Olsen, Llúcia González Safont, Madhuri Sudan, Elisabeth Cardis, Martine Vrijheid, Tanja Vrijkotte, Anke Huss, Roel Vermeulen | ||
F | Mobile Phone and its Effect on Foetal Cardiotocography Pattern | (SAR, specs, 0.99 W/kg) | 10min/1d | 2018-(5) | Zaheera Saadia, Robina Farrukh | ||
A | Effect of a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted during embryogenesis on chick development and hatchability | 1800 MHz - 0.009-0.011 mW/cm2 | - | 2018-(1) | K. Pawlak, Z. Nieckarz, A. Sechman, D. Wojtysiak, B. Bojarski, B. Tombarkiewicz | ||
A | Effects of Simulated Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Radiation on Fertilization and Embryo Development | 935 MHz - 0.15-1.4 mW/cm2 | 2-4h/3d | 2016-(1) | Hong Chen, Zaiqing Qu, Wenhui Liu | ||
A | Lasting hepatotoxic effects of prenatal mobile phone exposure | 900 MHz | 24h/20d | 2016-(1) | A. Yilmaz, L. Tumkaya, K.A. Akyildiz, Y. Kalkan, A.F. Bodur, F. Sargin, H. Efe, H.A. Uydu, Z.A. Yazici | ||
A | Effects of GSM-like radiofrequency irradiation during the oogenesis and spermiogenesis of Xenopus laevis | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 1.0 W/kg) | 8h/35d | 2016-(8) | Ayper Boga, Mustafa Emre, Yasar Sertdemir, İbrahim Uncu, Secil Binokay, Osman Demirhan | ||
A | Can prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field affect the morphology of the spleen and thymus, and alter biomarkers of oxidative damage in 21-day-old male rats? | 900 MHz - 0.05 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.025 W/kg body) | 1h/9d | 2015-(1) | H. Hancı, S. Türedi, Z. Topal, T. Mercantepe, İ. Bozkurt, H. Kaya, Ş. Ersöz, B. Ünal, E. Odacı | ||
F | Effects of 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field of mobile phone on oogenesis in adult female rats | 1800 MHz (GSM) | 1h, 2h/15d | 2014-(3) | Ali Saeed Hammoodi Alchalabi, Erkihum Aklilu, Abd Rahman Aziz, Mohd Azam Khan Goriman Khan, F. Malek, H.A. Rahim | ||
F | GSM 900 MHz cellular phone radiation can either stimulate or depress early embryogenesis in Japanese quails depending on the duration of exposure | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.00025 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.00003 W/kg) | 38h, 158h | 2013-(26) | Olexandr Tsybulin, Evgeniy Sidorik, Olga Brieieva, Lyubov Buchynska, Sergiy Kyrylenko, Diane Henshel, Igor Yakymenko | ||
F | Effect of Electromagnetic Mobile Radiation on Chick Embryo Development | 900-1800 MHz - (SAR 2 W/kg) | 1h/7d, 10d, 14d | 2012-(9) | Fatma Al-Qudsi, Solafa Azzouz | ||
F | Effects of thirty minute mobile phone irradiation on morphological and physiological parameters and gene expression in pregnant rats and their fetuses | 1800 MHz (2 phones SAR, specs, 1.01 W/kg) | 30min/1d | 2011-(11) | Ashraf El-Sayed, Hoda S. Badr, Rania Yahia, Salem M. Salem, Asmaa M. Kandil |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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A | Comprehensive analysis of genotoxic effects and antioxidative defence mechanisms in plant test system exposed to 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiations: a root chromosomal aberration and FTIR spectroscopy approach | 1800 MHz | - | 2023-(1) | Surbhi Sharma, Priyanka Sharma, Shalini Bahel, Joat Singh, Jatinder Kaur Katnoria | ||
F | The Counteraction of Cultivated Cistus creticus L. (Rock Rose) Plants to the Strain Imposed by a Long-Term Exposure to Non-Ionizing Radiation and the Role of DDC | 1882 MHz (DECT) - 0.0011 mW/cm2 | 24h/49d | 2022-(18) | Aikaterina L. Stefi, Georgia Kalouda, Aikaterini S. Skouroliakou, Dido Vassilacopoulou, Nikolaos S. Christodoulakis | ||
F | Attributes of non-ionizing radiation of 1800 MHz frequency on plant health and antioxidant content of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) plants | 1800 MHz (CW) - 0.019 mW/cm2 | 12-120h | 2022-(15) | Chandni Upadhyaya, Trushit Upadhyaya, Ishita Patel | ||
F | Exposure Effect of 900 MHz Electromagnetic Field Radiation on Antioxidant Potential of Medicinal Plant Withania Somnifera | 900 MHz - 0.853 mW/cm2 | 12-72h | 2021-(13) | Chandni Upadhyaya, Ishita Patel, Trushit Upadhyaya, Arpan Desai | ||
F | The hepatotoxic effects of mobile phone radiation (900 MHz) on male mice and the hepatoprotective potentials of architectural shapes of cages ("architectural remedy") | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.223-0.271 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.65-0.84 W/kg) | 24h/56d | 2020-(11) | Tarek Mohamed Heikal, Nabil Ashry Ibrahim Elnahas, Mohamed Ahmed Rezk Ali Al-Sherbiny, Samah Ahmed Mohammed Khalil, Mohamed F. Abdelhameed | ||
A | Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Low-Power 915 MHz Unmodulated Radiation on Phaseolus vulgaris L. | 915 MHz (CW) - 0.001 mW/cm2 | 24h/(from sowing to maturity) | 2019-(1) | Vasile Surducan, Emanoil Surducan Camelia Neamtu, Augustin C. Mot, Alexandra Ciorîță | ||
A | Oxidative stress and an animal neurotransmitter synthesizing enzyme in the leaves of wild growing myrtle after exposure to GSM radiation | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.193 mW/cm2 | 30min/21d | 2018-(1) | Aikaterina L. Stefi, Dido Vassilacopoulou, Lukas H. Margaritis, Nikolaos S. Christodoulakis | ||
F | To Investigate the Effect of Electromagnetic Radiations on Flavonoids of Lettuce Species | 2G, 3G | 30min, 2h, 4h, 6h/40-45d | 2016-(7) | Vishwasini Sharma, Leena Parihar | ||
F | Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation on Capsicum annuum seed germination and subsequent sapling growth — A time study | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.00003-0.002 mW/cm2 | 341 min/50d | 2016-(6) | Ardhendu Kundu, Bhaskar Gupta, Amirul I. Mallick, Satya K. Pal | ||
A | Low-amplitude, high-frequency electromagnetic field exposure causes delayed and reduced growth in Rosa hybrida | 900 MHz - 0.0066 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.00072 W/kg) | - | 2016-(10) | Alexandre Grémiaux, Sébastien Girard, Vincent Guérin, Jérémy Lothier, František Baluška, Eric Davies, Pierre Bonnet, Alain Vian | ||
F | EMF radiations (1800 MHz)-inhibited early seedling growth of maize (Zea mays) involves alterations in starch and sucrose metabolism | 1800 MHz - 0.0304 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.169 W/kg) | 30min, 1h, 2h, 4h/7d | 2015-(7) | Arvind Kumar, Harminder Pal Singh, Daizy R. Batish, Shalinder Kaur, Ravinder Kumar Kohli | ||
F | Reduced growth of soybean seedlings after exposure to weak microwave radiation from GSM 900 mobile phone and base station | 900 MHz (GSM & CW) - 0.000083-0.445 mW/cm2 | 2h/4d, 5d | 2015-(32) | Malka N. Halgamuge, See Kye Yak, Jacob L. Eberhard | ||
F | Effect of Two Brands of Cell Phone on Germination Rate and Seedling of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) | - | 5-30min/- | 2014-(6) | Rim A. Hussein, Magda A. El-Maghraby | ||
F | Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation on Germination and Early Growth of Different Bean Species | 1805-1850 MHz - 0.145 0.481 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.000021-0.000212 W/kg) | 4h(on)-4h(off) or 24h(on)- 24h(off) /12d | 2014-(10) | Hsuan-Yu Chen, Chiachung Chen | ||
F | Effect of Mobile Phone Radiation on Nodule Formation In the Leguminous Plants | 850-1850 MHz (2G) & 900-1900 MHz (3G) | 30min-8h/ 1d | 2014-(11) | Sapna Sharma, Leena Parihar | ||
F | Effects of Electromagnetic Waves Emitted by Mobile Phones on Germination, Root Growth, and Root Tip Cell Mitotic Division of Lens culinaris Medik | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.76 W/kg) | 48h/1d | 2010-(8) | Ayhan Akbal, Yasar Kiran, Ahmet Sahin, Dilek Turgut-Balik, Hasan H. Balik |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Effect of RFEMR on NSE and MDA levels in Sprague Dawley rats | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | 1h/50d | 2022-(5) | Pravallika Pagadala, M. S. Vinutha Shankar, M. E. Sumathi | ||
F | Exposure to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency field modulates ROS in human HEK293 cells as a function of signal amplitude | 1.8 GHz (CW) - 0.0000000024-0.0017 mW/cm2 | 15m/1d | 2022-(13) | Marootpong Pooam, Nathalie Jourdan, Blanche Aguida, Cyril Dahon, Soria Baouz, Colin Terry, Haider Raad, Margaret Ahmad | ||
F | Evaluation of haematological parameters and oxidative stress-induced in rats exposed to radio-frequency radiation from mobile phones | 1800-2100 MHz (3G UMTS) 0.00006-0.001 mW/cm2 | 24h/42d | 2021-(7) | Priscilla Ngozi Ezemelue, D. Ugochukwu Onyegbule, Leona Chika Okoli, Kafilat Olaide Kareem, Olufunsho Awodele, Adebayo Akeem Otitoloju | ||
A | Hippocampal Oxidative Stress Induced by Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation and the Neuroprotective Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Rats: A Randomized Control Trial | 900-1800 MHz | 3h/28d | 2021-(1) | Mina Rasouli Mojez, Abbas Ali Gaeini, Siroos Choobineh, Mohsen Sheykhlouvand | ||
F | The Effect of Mobile Radiation on the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Pregnant Mice | 900 MHz (100-217 Hz modulated) - 0.000045 mW/cm2 | 8h/10d | 2021-(7) | Nargess Moghadasi, Iraj Alimohammadi, Ali Safari Variani, Azadeh Ashtarinezhad | ||
A | Oxidative damage in the liver and brain of the rats exposed to frequency-dependent radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure: Biochemical and histopathological evidence | 900-2100 MHz - 0.0000008-0.0000011 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.4 W/kg) | 1h/20d | 2021-(1) | Anjali Sharma, Sadhana Shrivastava, Sangeeta Shukla | ||
F | Effects of Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation on Oxidant-Antioxidant Parameters and DNA Damage in the Liver of Rats | 1800 MHz (GSM), 2100 MHz (GSM) - 0.03-0.12 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.2-0.6 W/kg (body)) | 2h/210d | 2020-(10) | Mehmet E. Alkis, Mehmet Z. Akdag, Suleyman Dasdag | ||
F | Impact of Long-Term use of Mobile Phones on the Prostate in Human users | - | - | 2020-(8) | Madyha Hassan Mahmoud, Nadia Youssef Morcos, Khadiga Salah Ibrahim, Amal Saad-Hussein, Noha Hassan Ibrahim, Ahmed Fathi Soliman | ||
F | Oxidative Stress from Low Intensity Electromagnetic Radiation of Wireless Devices: Protective challenges ("physical remedy") | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.00032 mW/cm2 | 19h/19d | 2020-(7) | Igor Yakymenko, Anatoliy Burlaka, Oleksandr Tsybulin, Oksana Salavor | ||
F | 1800 MHz radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation induces oxidative stress in rat liver, kidney and brain tissues | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.012 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.06 W/kg (body)) | 2h/56d | 2018-(8) | Mehmet Berköz, Badel Arslan, Metin Yıldırım, Nurcan Aras, Serap Yalın, Ülkü Çömelekoğlu | ||
F | Probing the origins of 1800 MHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiation induced damage in mouse immortalized germ cells and spermatozoa in vitro | 1800 MHz - (SAR 0.15-1.5 W/kg) | 4h/1d | 2018-(17) | Brendan J. Houston, Brett Nixon, Bruce V. King, R J. Aitken, Geoffry N. De Iuliis | ||
A | Aloe arborescens juice prevents EMF-induced oxidative stress and thus protects from pathophysiology in the male reproductive system in vitro ("chemical remedy") | - | - | 2018-(1) | Przemyslaw Solek, Lena Majchrowicz, Marek Koziorowski | ||
F | Exposure to 2100 MHz electromagnetic field radiations induces reactive oxygen species generation in Allium cepa roots | 2100 MHz - 0.049 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.28 W/kg) | 1-4h/1d | 2017-(5) | Shikha Chandel, Shalinder Kaur, Harminder Pal Singh, Daizy Rani Batish, Ravinder Kumar Kohli | ||
F | In vitro non-thermal oxidative stress response after 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation | 1800 MHz - 0.239 mW/cm2 (SAR 1.6 W/kg (cell)) | 10-60m/1d | 2017-(1) | Ana Marija Marjanovic, Ivan Paviric, Blanka Tariba, Alica Pizent, Ivancica Trosic | ||
A | Effects of radiofrequency field exposure on glutamate-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells | 1950 MHz (3G W-CDMA) | - | 2016-(1) | Jeong-Yub Kim, Hee-Jin Kim, Nam Kim, Jong Hwa Kwon, Myung-Jin Park | ||
A | Effects of cell phone radiation on lipid peroxidation, glutathione and nitric oxide levels in mouse brain during epileptic seizure | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.054 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.3 W/kg (head)) | 1h/1d | 2016-(1) | Meric Arda Esmekaya, Mehmet Zahid Tuysuz, Arın Tomruk, Ayse G. Canseven, Engin Yücel, Zuhal Aktuna, Semih Keskil, Nesrin Seyhan | ||
F | Circadian rhythmicity of antioxidant markers in rats exposed to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency fields | 1800 MHz - 0.2 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.05 W/kg (body)) | 2h/32d | 2015-(17) | Honglong Cao, Fenju Qin, Xueguan Liu, Jiajun Wang, Yi Cao, Jian Tong, Heming Zhao | ||
F | Evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in the saliva of young males using mobile phones | 1800 MHz (GSM & CW) - (SAR, specs, 1.09 W/kg) | 15m, 30min/1d | 2014-(5) | Khalid M. Abu Khadra, Ahmad M. Khalil, Mahmoud Abu Samak, Ahmad Aljaberi | ||
F | Antioxidant Profile of Saliva among Young Men Using Mobile Phones | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | - | 2014-(6) | Khalid M. Abu Khadra, Ahmad M. Khalil, Mahmoud Abu Samak, Ahmad Aljaberi | ||
F | Effect of Mobile Phone Usage Time on Total Antioxidant Capacity of Saliva and Salivary Immunoglobulin A | - | - | 2014-(5) | Fateme Arbabi-Katali, Saeedeh Salimi, Ali Vaziry-Rabiee, Mohammad Noraeei | ||
A | Cell oxidation–reduction imbalance after modulated radiofrequency radiation | 1800 MHz - 0.238 mW/cm2 (SAR 1.6 W/kg) | 10min, 30min, 1h/1d | 2014-(1) | Ana Marija Marjanovic, Ivan Pavicic, Ivancica Trosic | ||
F | High-frequency electromagnetic radiation and the production of free radicals in four mouse organs | 900 MHz - (SAR 0.45-1.6 W/kg (body)) | 3h/14d | 2014-(6) | Jan Barkal, Pavel Stopka, Jana krizová, Jan Vrba, Frantisek Vozeh | ||
F | Vitamin C Protects Rat Cerebellum and Encephalon from Oxidative Stress Following Exposure to Radiofrequency Wave Generated by BTS Antenna Model ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz - 0.67 mW/cm2 | 4h/45d | 2014-(6) | Abolfazl Akbari, Gholamali Jelodar, Saeed Nazifi | ||
F | The Prophylactic Effect of Vitamin C on Oxidative Stress Indexes Following Exposure to Radio Frequency Wave Generated by a BTS Antenna Model in Rat Liver and Kidney("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz - 0.67 mW/cm2 | 4h/45d | 2014-(5) | Abolfazl Akbari, Gholamali Jelodar, Saeed Nazifi | ||
F | Effects of Vitamin C on Oxidative Stress in Erythrocytes Following Exposure to Radiofrequency Waves Generated by a BTS Antenna Model ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz - 0.67 mW/cm2 | 4h/45d | 2014-(5) | Abolfazl Akbari, Gholamali Jelodar, Saeed Nazifi |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Effect of the Electromagnetic Field Radiation of Cell Phones on the Level of Blood Glucose in Rats | - | 15-60min/ 90d | 2021-(7) | Salome Zenaishvili, Marine Nikolaishvili, Davit Zurabashvili, Marine Nebieridze, Davit Natadze | ||
A | Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field from mobile phone on serum hepcidin and iron status in male albino rats | - | 30-60min/1d | 2018-(1) | Nanees F. El-Maleky, Reham H. Ebrahim | ||
F | Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Phones on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Male Albino Rats | 900 MHz (GSM), 1300 MHz (GSM or 3G) | 1-5h/28d | 2018-(5) | Ali Sani, Maryam Muhammad Labaran, Bilkisu Dayyabu | ||
F | Evaluation of the mobile phone electromagnetic radiation on serum iron parameters in rats | 890-915 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.96 W/kg) | 2h/70d | 2017-(5) | Murat Çetkin, Can Demirel, Neşe Kızılkan, Nur Aksoy, Hülya Erbağcı | ||
F | Effect Of Electromagnetic Radiation On Vital Organs In Rats | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.1 W/kg) | 2h/90d | 2017-(4) | Samta Sharma, Anjali sharma, Sangeeta Shukla | ||
F | Biochemical effects of electromagnetic waves on rats | 2100 Mhz (3G WCDMA) - (SAR, specs, 1.25 W/kg (body)) | 10min / prenatal + 35d | 2016-(16) | Doaa Abdelrahman Hamed Ibrahim | ||
F | Effect of Cell Phone Use on Salivary Total Protein, Enzymes and Oxidative Stress Markers in Young Adults: A Pilot Study | - | - | 2015-(4) | Arnadi Ramachandrayya Shivashankara, Jasmi Joy, Venkatesh Sunitha, Manoj P. Rai, Suresh Rao, Shafeeque Nambranathayil, Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga | ||
A | Fourier Self-Deconvolution Analysis of β-Sheet Contents in the Amide I Region of Hemoglobin Aqueous Solutions under Exposure to 900 MHz Microwaves and Bioprotective Effectiveness of Sugar and Salt Solutions ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz - 0.066 mW/cm2 | 4h/1d | 2015-(1) | Emanuele Calabròa, Salvatore Magazù | ||
F | Effects of 900 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation on Skin Hydroxyproline Contents | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.446 mW/cm2 (SAR 1.32 W/kg (body)) | 20min/21d | 2014-(7) | Semra Tepe Çam, Nesrin Seyhan, Cengiz Kavaklı, Ömür Çelikbıçk | ||
A | Effect of exposure and withdrawal of 900-MHz-electromagnetic waves on brain, kidney and liver oxidative stress and some biochemical parameters in male rat | 900 MHz (CW) | 1h/60d | 2014-(1) | Merhan Mamdouh Ragy | ||
F | Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Hydroalcoholic Extract on Estrogen, Progesterone and Testosterone Levels in Rats Exposed to Cell Phone Radiation ("Chemical remedy") | 900 MHz (GSM) | 12 x 10min/30d | 2014-(8) | Behnaz Hajiuon | ||
A | Liver antioxidant stores protect the brain from electromagnetic radiation (900 and 1800 MHz)-induced oxidative stress in rats during pregnancy and the development of offspring | 900-1800 MHz | 1h/28d, 35d, 42d | 2014-(1) | Hasan Çetin, Mustafa Nazıroğlu, Ömer Çelik, Murat Yüksel, Nural Pastacı, Mehmet Okan Özkaya | ||
F | Is Human Saliva an Indicator of the Adverse Health Effects of Using Mobile Phones? | - | - | 2013-(6) | Yaniv Hamzany, Raphael Feinmesser, Thomas Shpitzer, Aviram Mizrachi, Ohad Hilly, Roy Hod, Gideon Bahar, Irina Otradnov, Moshe Gavish, Rafael M. Nagler | ||
F | Biochemical Changes in The Intervertebral Discs After Electromagnetic Radiation: An Experimental Study | 900-1800-2450 MHz (CW) - 1.04 mW/cm2 (SAR 1.04 W/kg) | 1h/30d | 2012-(9) | Olcay Eser, Ahmet Songur, Veli Çaglar, Huseyin Vural, Ergun Karavelíoglu, Hakan Mollaoglu, Fehmi Ozguner | ||
F | Effects of Exposure to Cellular Phones 950 MHZ Electromagnetic Fields on Progesterone, Cortisol and Glucose Level in Female Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) | 950 MHz | 3h/10d, 60d | 2011-(6) | Reza Seyednour, Vahid Chekaniazar |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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A | One-time Electromagnetic Irradiation Modifies Stress-sensitive Gene Expressions in Rice Plant | 1837.5 MHz (CW) - 0.000275 mW/cm2 | 150m/1d | 2021-(1) | Ardhendu Kundu, Sathish Vangaru, Sucharita Bhowmick, Somnath Bhattacharyya, Amirul I. Mallick, Bhaskar Gupta | ||
F | Non-ionizing radiofrequency fields induces unfolded protein response (UPR) in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mouse neuronal cells | 900 MHz (CW) - (SAR 0.00025 W/kg) | 4h/5d | 2020-(16) | Zhen Gao, Wen Xie, Caiyun Fan, Yi Cao | ||
A | Increased Hippocampal Level of Kinases after Long-term Exposure to GSM-2100 Cell Phone Radiation | 2100 MHz (GSM) | 2h/50d | 2019-(1) | Çiğdem Gökçek-Saraç, Şükrü Özen, Narin Derin | ||
F | Immulogical Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation of the Cellular Phone Among Young Females | - | - | 2018-(7) | Talib Jawad Kadhim, Munther Hamza Rathi, Qatralnada Ahmed Khalaf | ||
F | The effect of exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation on epidermal growth factor, caspase-3, Hsp27 and p38MAPK gene expressions in the rat eye | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.012 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.06 W/kg) | 2h/56d | 2018-(5) | E. D. Eker, B. Arslan, M. Yildirim, A. Akar, N. Aras | ||
F | Electromagnetic Radiation Disturbed the Photosynthesis of Microcystis aeruginosa at the Proteomics Level | 1800 MHz (CW) - 0.42 mW/cm2 | 24h/1d | 2018-(8) | Chao Tang, Chuanjun Yang, Hui Yu, Shen Tian, Xiaomei Huang, Weiyi Wang, Peng Cai | ||
F | Proteomic analysis of continuous 900-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in testicular tissue: a rat model of human cell phone exposure | 900 MHz - (SAR 0.19–1.22 W/kg (body)) | 1h, 2h, 4h/30d | 2017-(8) | Masood Sepehrimanesh, Nasrin Kazemipour, Mehdi Saeb, Saeed Nazifi, Devra Lee Davis | ||
A | Analysis of rat testicular proteome following 30-day exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field radiation | 900 MHz | 1h, 2h, 4h/30d | 2014-(1) | Masood Sepehrimanesh, Nasrin Kazemipour, Mehdi Saeb, Saeed Nazifi | ||
A | Studying the protein expression in human B lymphoblastoid cells exposed to 1.8-GHz (GSM) radiofrequency radiation (RFR) with protein microarray | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 2 W/kg) | 24h/1d | 2013-(1) | Chen Zhijiana, Li Xiaoxue, Zheng Wei, Lu Yezhen, Lou Jianlin, Lu Deqiang, Chen Shijie, Jin Lifen, He Jiliang | ||
F | Effects of 1.8 GHz radiofrequency radiation on protein expression in human lens epithelial cells | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 2-4 W/kg) | 2h/1d | 2013-(10) | Shuang Ni, Yibo Yu, Yidong Zhang, Kairan Lai, Ke Yao, L. Zhang, W. Wang | ||
F | Study of Oxidative Stress in Human Lens Epithelial Cells Exposed to 1.8 GHz Radiofrequency Fields | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 2-4 W/kg) | 30min, 60min, 90min/1d | 2013-(9) | Shuang Ni, Yibo Yu, Yidong Zhang, Wei Wu, Kairan Lai, Ke Yao | ||
F | Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation | 900 MHz (GSM) & 1880-1900 MHz (DECT) - 0.059-0.128 mW/cm2 & 0.004-0.009 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.17-0.37 W/kg & 0.012-0.028 W/kg (body)) | 3h, 8h/245d | 2012-(25) | Adamantia F. Fragopoulou, Athina Samara, Marianna H. Antonelou, Anta Xanthopoulou, Aggeliki Papadopoulou, Konstantinos Vougas, Eugenia Koutsogiannopoulou, Ema Anastasiadou, Dimitrios J. Stravopodis, George Th. Tsangaris, Lukas H. Margaritis | ||
F | Potential Protection of Green Tea Polyphenols Against 1800 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation-Induced Injury on Rat Cortical Neurons ("chemical remedy") | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.21-2.24 mW/cm2 | 24h/1d | 2011-(7) | Mei-Li Liu, Jian-Qiang Wen, Yu-Bo Fan | ||
F | Mobile phone radiation might alter protein expression in human skin | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 1.3 W/kg) | 1h/1d | 2008-(6) | Anu Karinen, Sirpa Heinävaara, Reetta Nylund, Dariusz Leszczynski |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Effect of Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Field Radiation on Rat Masseter Muscle: Histological and Immunohistochemical Study | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.025-0.05 W/kg (body)) | 1h/60d | 2022-(10) | Nesreen M. Omar, Mohamed Abdel-Rahman, Fatma M. Ibrahim | ||
F | Effect of mobile frequencies exposure on histology of retina and cornea in pregnant albino mice | 900-1800 MHz (GMS) - (SAR, specs, 0.78 W/kg) | 3h/30d | 2021-(5) | Rawah N. Alshammary, Zeena D. Mohammed, Zaki Ammar G. Al-Haaik | ||
F | Biochemical and Pathological Effects on the Male Rat Hepatic Tissue After Exposure to 900MHz Electromagnetic Field During Adolescent Period | 900 MHz - 0.024 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.009 W/kg) | 1h/25d | 2021-(22) | Ayşe İki̇nci̇ Keleş, Hüseyin Serkan Erol, Tuğçe Sapmaz, Tolga Mercantepe, Gökhan Keleş, Burcu Bi̇terge Süt, Ersan Odaci, Mesut Bünyamin Halici, Sait Polat | ||
F | Does GSM-like 1800 MHz radiofrequency cause KRAS and p53 mutations in colon?: Histopatologically and microbiologically changes in colon | 1800 MHz (GSM) | 45min/84d | 2021-(6) | Ezgi Ece Sag, Saadet Celikozlu, Hayri Dayioglu, Sibel Kokturk, Cengiz Ozzaim, Sinan Darcan | ||
F | Protective effect of melatonin on the rat lung following exposure to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field: a stereological and histopathological study ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz - 1 mW/cm2 (SAR, specs, 2.0 W/kg) | 24h/21d | 2021-(6) | Ahmad Yahyazadeh, Elfide Gizem Kivrak, Gülüna Erdem Koç, Berrin Zuhal Altunkaynak | ||
F | The Adverse Effect of Mobile Phone Radiations on Dorsal Root Ganglion of Albino Rats | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | -/28d | 2021-(7) | Faisal Taufiq, Mohammed Bhilal Babu, Aqeel Ahmad, Mohammed Eajaz Ahmed Shariff, Noureldaim Elnoman, Elbadawi, Semmal Syed Meerasa | ||
F | Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin E against Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted from Mobile Phone-Induced Hematological and Histopathological Alterations in Male Albino Mice ("chemical remedy") | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.0001 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.4 W/kg (body)) | 2h/21d | 2020-(13) | Mona H. Ibraheim, Aziza Amin | ||
F | The toxic effect of mobile phone radiation on rabbit organs | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.7 W/kg (body) 1 W/kg (head)) | 6h/96d | 2020-(7) | Shudong Zhu, Yan Zhu, Hao Li, Doudou Zhang, Dianzheng Zhang | ||
F | The Effect of 900-Megahertz Electromagnetic Field Exposure in the First and Middle Adolescent Period on the Spleen in Male Rats: A Biochemical and Histopathological Study | 900 MHz (CW) - 0.021 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.039 W/kg) | 1h/25d | 2019-(5) | Ayşe İkinci Keleş, Tuğçe Sapmaz, Hüseyin Serkan Erol, Burcu Biterge Süt, Gökhan Keleş, Ersan Odaci, Sait Polat, Mesut Bünyami Halici | ||
A | The Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Mitochondria: An Ultra-structural and Biochemical Study | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.10 W/kg) | 50min/10d | 2019-(1) | Najam Siddiqi, Naseer Salem Al Nizwani, Zoya Shaikh, Asem Shalaby, Yahyah Tamimi | ||
F | Effects of Acute and Chronic Exposure to 900 Mhz Electromagnetic Field on the Rat Liver Microarchitecture | 900 MHz | 24h/1d, 1h/30d | 2018-(4) | Elvan Şahin, Derya Güzel, Şadiye Açıkgöz, Nihal Tufan | ||
F | Quantitative changes in testicular structure and function in rat exposed to mobile phone radiation | 890-915 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.96 W/kg) | 2h/70d | 2017-(8) | M. Çetkin, N. Kızılkan, C. Demirel, Z. Bozdağ, S. Erkılıç, H. Erbağcı | ||
A | Effects of long-term exposure to 900 megahertz electromagnetic field on heart morphology and biochemistry of male adolescent rats | 900 MHz (CW) - 0.0187 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.0093 W/kg) | 1h/38d | 2016-(1) | G. Kerimoğlu, T. Mercantepe, H.S. Erol, A. Turgut, H. Kaya, S. Çolakoğlu, E. Odacı | ||
F | Histopathological changes associated with oxidative stress induced by electromagnetic waves in rats' ovarian and uterine tissues | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.21 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.97 W/kg (body)) | 2h/30d, 60d | 2016-(10) | Ali S.H. Alchalabi, Hasliza Rahim, Erkihun Aklilu, Imad I. Al-Sultan, Abd Rahman Aziz, Mohd F. Malek, Suzanna H. Ronald, Mohd Azam Khan | ||
A | Histological and histochemical study of the protective role of rosemary extract against harmful effect of cell phone electromagnetic radiation on the parotid glands ("chemical remedy") | - | - | 2016-(1) | Fatma M. Ghoneim, Eetmad A. Arafat | ||
F | Placental histomorphology and morphometry in the pregnant mice treated with cell phone radiation | 915 MHz | 4h/13d | 2015-(10) | Ali Louei Monfared, Aaref Nooraii, Morteza Shamsi | ||
A | Histological changes in albino rat hippocampus following postnatal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field emitted from mobile phones | 900-1800 MHz | -/120d | 2015-(1) | Hussein Abd El Raouf, Hoda H.; Mohammed Ali, Mona H. | ||
F | The effect of 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G mobile phone on the parotid gland of rats | 2100 MHz (3G) - 0.067 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.4 W/kg (body)) | 6h/10d, 40d | 2015-(8) | Filiz Aydogan, İlhan Unlu, Emine Aydin, Nihat Yumusak, Erdinc Devrim, Ethem Erdal Samim, Elcin Ozgur, Velid Unsal, Arin Tomruk, Goknur Guler Ozturk, Nesrin Seyhan | ||
A | The effects of 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on nasal mucosa and mucociliary clearance in rats | 2100 MHz (3G) | 6h/10d, 40d | 2015-(1) | Filiz Aydoğan, Emine Aydın, Gökhan Koca, Elçin Özgür, Pergin Atilla, Arzu Tüzüner, Şule Demirci, Arin Tomruk, Göknur Güler Öztürk, Nesrin Seyhan, Meliha Korkmaz, Sevda Müftüoğlu, Ethem Erdal Samim | ||
F | Morphological aspects of poly-organic impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation in experiment | 1800 MHz - 0.05-1 mW/cm2 | -/30d, 90d | 2015-(3) | Tashpulatova Guzal Alievna, Mavlyan Hodzhaev Ravshan Shukhratovich | ||
F | The Possible Rescue Effect of Vitamin E or Silymarin on Lung Tissue of Male Albino Rats Exposed to Electro-Magnetic Field ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz (SAR, specs, 1.2 W/kg) | 2h/3d x 8 | 2014-(12) | Abir Khalil Mohamed | ||
F | GSM 900 MHz Microwave Radiation Induced Alterations of Insulin Level and Histopathological Changes of Liver and Pancreas in Rat | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 2 W/kg) | 3h, 6h/7d | 2014-(8) | S.M.J. Mortazavi, S.M. Owji, M.B. Shojaie-fard, M. Ghader-Panah, S.A.R. Mortazavi, A. Tavakoli-Golpayegani, M. Haghani, S. Taeb, N. Shokrpour, O. Koohi | ||
F | Effects of prenatal 900 MHz electromagnetic field exposures on the histology of rat kidney | 900 MHz (CW) - (SAR, specs, 2 W/kg) | 1h/all gestation days | 2014-(25) | Mahmut Ulubay, Ahmad Yahyazadeh, Ö. Gülsüm Deniz, Elfide Gizem Kıvrak, B. Zuhal Altunkaynak, Gülünar Erdem, Süleyman Kaplan | ||
F | Histological Study of Prolonged Exposure to Mobile Phone Radiations on Young Male Albino Ratsʼ Cerebellar Cortex and the Role of Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation ("chemical remedy") | - | 2h/60d | 2013-(11) | Abeer M. Azmy, Maha A. Abd Allah | ||
F | Exposure of mice to 900 - 1900 MHz radiations from cell phone resulting in microscopic changes in the kidney | 900-1900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.69 W/kg (10g)) | 48min/ 30-180d | 2012-(6) | N. Mugunthan, J. Anbalagan, S. Meenachi, A. Shanmuga Samy | ||
F | Effects of Mobile Phone Induced Electromagnetic Field on Height of Follicular Cells in Thyroid Gland of Mice | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | 50 missed call/60d | 2011-(3) | Farheen Shaukat, Khadija Qamar, Shadab Ahmed Butt |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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A | Modulatory role of Bovine serum albumin conjugated Manganese dioxide nanoparticle on microwave radiation induced alterations in reproductive parameters of rat ("chemical remedy") | - | - | 2022-(1) | Sonali Pardhiya, Rohit Gautam, Jay Prakash Nirala, Nina Nancy Murmu, Paulraj Rajamani | ||
A | Association between electronic device usage and sperm quality parameters in healthy men screened as potential sperm donors | - | - | 2022-(1) | Heng-Gui Chen, Ping Wu, Bin Sun, Jun-Xiang Chen, Cheng-Liang Xiong, Tian-Qing Meng, Xiao-Yin Huang, Qing-Ling Su, Huiliang Zhou, Yi-Xin Wang, Weimin Ye, An Pan | ||
F | Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Phones on Sperms Shape and Number in Male Albino Mice | - | 20min/42d | 2022-(8) | Natheer Jameel Yaseen | ||
A | Acute and Chronic Exposure to 900 MHz Radio Frequency Radiation Activates p38/JNK-mediated MAPK Pathway in Rat Testis | - | - | 2022-(1) | Hakan Er, Gizem Gamze Tas, Bikem Soygur, Sukru Ozen, Leyla Sati | ||
A | The detrimental effect of cell phone radiation on sperm biological characteristics in normozoospermic | - | 1h/- | 2021-(1) | Mohammadmehdi Hassanzadeh-Taheri, Mohammad Ali Khalili, Ali Hosseininejad Mohebati, Mahmood Zardast, Mehran Hosseini, Maria Grazia Palmerini, Mohammad Reza Doostabadi | ||
A | Microarray profiling of LncRNA expression in the testis of pubertal mice following morning and evening exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields | 1800 MHz - (SAR 0.5 W/kg) | - | 2021-(1) | Fenju Qin, Honglong Cao, Chuhan Feng, Tianyuan Zhu, Bingxu Zhu, Jie Zhang,Jian Tong, Hailong Pei | ||
F | Modulatory effects of Punica granatum L juice against 2115 MHz (3G) radiation-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rat ("chemical remedy") | 2115 MHz (3G) - 0.63 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.16 W/kg) | 2h/45d | 2021-(10) | Rohit Gautam, Eepsita Priyadarshini, Jay Prakash Nirala, Ramovatar Meena, Paulraj Rajamani | ||
F | Moderate exercise training as an effective strategy to reduce the harmful effects of cell phone radiation on Wistar rat’s semen quality | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | 3h/28d | 2021-(8) | H. A. Akbari, A. A. Gaeini | ||
F | Morphological and Biochemical Changes in the Rat Ovaries Following Electromagnetic Field Exposure | 900 MHz | 1h/28d | 2020-(16) | Savaş Kanbu, Mehmet Emin Önger | ||
F | Effect of Mobile Phone Radiation on Reproductive System and Behavior Using Female Albino Mice | - | 1h/90d | 2020-(9) | Suhera Aburawi, Hana Abusaida, Habiba El Jaafari, Feras Alkayed, Naema Shibani, Arwa Dali, Suliman Shalabi, Marwa Ayad, Omima Altaboni | ||
F | Study the electromagnetic radiation effects on testicular function of male rats by biochemical and histopathological | - | 30m-2h/14d | 2020-(5) | Ban Mohammed Hussein Ali | ||
F | Microscopic Changes of Radiations and Combined Effect of 2G Mobile Phone Radiations with Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) On Germ Cells of Testis in Albino Rats ("chemical remedy") | 900-1900 MHz (GSM) | 24h/60d | 2020-(3) | Santosh Kumar, Ankur K. Bichhwaliya | ||
F | To study the abnormalities of spermatozoa exposed by mobile radiations | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.87 W/kg) | 5h/60d | 2018-(8) | Ashok Kumar Srivastava, Priyanka Singhal, Navneet Chauhan, Nityanand Srivastava, Jayant Kumar Verma, Adil Asghar | ||
A | [Cellphone electromagnetic radiation damages the testicular ultrastructure of male rats] (in Chinese) | 900 MHz | 2-4h | 2017-(1) | X.H. Gao, H.R. Hu, X.L. Ma, J. Chen, G.H. Zhang | ||
F | Micronuclei Formation and 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxyguanosine Enzyme Detection in Ovarian Tissues After Radiofrequency Exposure at 1800 MHz in Adult Sprague–Dawley Rats | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.2 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.974 W/kg) | 2h/15-60d | 2017-(8) | Ali Saeed Hammoodi Alchalabi, Hasliza Rahim, Mohamed Fareq AbdulMalek, Erkihun Aklilu, Abd Rahman Aziz, Suzanna Harun Ronald, Mohd Azam Khan | ||
A | Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from cell phone causes defective testicular function in male Wistar rats | - | 1-3h/28d | 2017-(1) | A. O. Oyewopo, S. K. Olaniyi, C. I. Oyewopo, A. T. Jimoh | ||
A | Continuous 900-megahertz electromagnetic field applied in middle and late-adolescence causes qualitative and quantitative changes in the ovarian morphology, tissue and blood biochemistry of the rat | 900 MHz (CW) | 1h/24d | 2017-(1) | Derya Öztürk Okatan, Haydar Kaya, Yüksel Aliyazıcıoğlu, Selim Demir, Serdar Çolakoğlu, Ersan Odacı | ||
A | Mobile phone (1800 MHz) radiation impairs female reproduction in mice, Mus musculus, through stress induced inhibition of ovarian and uterine activity | 1800 MHz | - | 2017-(1) | Saba Shahin, Surya Pal Singh, Chandra Mohini Chaturvedi | ||
F | Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Phone on Sperm Count in Albino Rats | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.87 W/kg) | 5h/60d | 2016-(2) | Priyanka Singhal, Urvashi Singh | ||
A | Radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz)-induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in testicular germ cells in swiss albino mice | 900 MHz | 4-8h/35d | 2016-(1) | Neelam Pandey, Sarbani Giri, Samrat Das, Puja Upadhaya | ||
A | Effects of cell phone use on semen parameters: Results from the MARHCS cohort study in Chongqing, China | - | - | 2016-(1) | Guowei Zhang, Huan Yan, Qing Chen, Kaijun Liu, Xi Ling, Lei Sun, Niya Zhou, Zhi Wang, Peng Zou, Xiaogang Wang, Lu Tan, Zhihong Cui, Ziyuan Zhou, Jinyi Liu, Lin Ao, Jia Cao | ||
F | In Vitro Effect of Cell Phone Radiation on Motility, DNA Fragmentation and Clusterin Gene Expression in Human Sperm | 850 MHz - (SAR, specs, 1.46 W/kg) | 60min/1d | 2015-(8) | Adel Zalata, Ayman Z. El-Samanoudy, Dalia Shaalan, Youssef El-Baiomy, Taymour Mostafa | ||
F | Electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz induces sperm apoptosis through bcl-2, bax and caspase-3 signaling pathways in rats | 900 MHz (50 Hz modulated) - 1 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.66 W/kg) | 2h/50d | 2015-(9) | Qi Liu, Tianlei Si, Xiaoyun Xu, Fuqiang Liang, Lufeng Wang, Siyi Pan | ||
F | Exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for one hour a day over 30 days does change the histopathology and biochemistry of the rat testis | 900 MHz - 0.026 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.025 W/kg (body)) | 1h/30d | 2015-(8) | Ersan Odacı, Cansu Özyılmaz | ||
F | Effects of chronic exposure to 2G and 3G cell phone radiation on mice testis - A randomized controlled trial | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) & 1900-2200 MHz (3G) - (SAR, specs, 1.69 W/kg (10g)) | 48min/ 30-180d | 2015-(12) | N. Mugunthan, J. Anbalagan, A. Shanmuga Samy, S. Rajanarayanan, S. Meenachi | ||
F | Effects of Long Term Exposure to a 2G Cell Phone Radiation (900 - 1900 MHz) on Mouse Testis | 900-1900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.69 W/kg (10g)) | 48min/ 30-180d | 2014-(7) | N. Mugunthan, J. Anbalagan, S. Meenachi | ||
F | Effect of electromagnetic irradiation produced by 3G mobile phone on male rat reproductive system in a simulated scenario | 1910 MHz (GSM or 3G HSDPA) - (SAR 0.022-0.28 W/kg) | 2h/60d | 2014-(8) | Sanjay Kumar, Jay Prakash Nirala, J. Behari, R. Paulraj | ||
F | The influence of direct mobile phone radiation on sperm quality | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | 5h (10min calls)/1d | 2014-(7) | Igor Gorpinchenko, Oleg Nikitin, Oleg Banyra, Alexander Shulyak | ||
F | New Electromagnetic Radiations Effects on Ultra Structure of Adult Bovine Sperm | 900 MHz (GSM) | 5min/1d | 2014-(3) | Mohammad Hassan Heidari, Mehran Farhodi, Ehsan Pashaeiahei, Hassan Mahbouobipour, Matine Heidari, Maryam Tadayon, Hamid Reza Fayazi, Abdollah Amini | ||
A | [Chronotoxicity of 1800 MHz microwave radiation on sex hormones and spermatogenesis in male mice] (in Chinese) | 1800 MHz - 0.2 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.22 W/kg) | 2h/32d | 2014-(1) | L. Chen, F. Qin, Y. Chen, J. Sun, J. Tong | ||
A | [Influence of Imitated 900 MHz Cellular Radiation on the Form and Function of Ovarian Tissues in Rat] (in Chinese) | 900 MHz | 4h/30d | 2013-(1) | Hui-rong Ma, Jing-wei Chen, Jing-jing Li, Ya-nan Zhao, Jia Zhang, Jin-de Yu, Le-le Guo, Xue-lian Ma | ||
F | The Effects of Cell Phone Waves (900 MHz-GSM Band) on Sperm Parameters and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Rats | 915-950 MHz (GSM) - 1.6 mW/cm2 | 8h/14d, 21d | 2013-(8) | Masoud Ghanbari, Seyed Bagher Mortazavi, Ali Khavanin, Mozafar Khazae | ||
F | Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field (1.8/0.9 GHz) on testicular function and structure in growing rats (some positive results) | 900 MHz (GSM), 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR <0.0001 W/kg) | 2h/90d | 2011-(7) | H. Ozlem Nisbet, Cevat Nisbet, Aysegul Akar, Mesut Cevik, M. Onder Karayigit |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | The Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Radiation Effects on Heart Rate Variability Function | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.05 W/kg) | 10-40m/1d | 2024-(5) | Haneef Ubed, Irfan Memon, Farman Mangi, Muhammad Razaq, Amina Rahat, Zahoor Ahmed | ||
A | Mobile Phone Radiations Effect on the Synchronization Between Heart and Brain | (2G & 3G) | - | 2022-(1) | Suman Pattnaik, Balwinder Singh Dhaliwal, Shyam Sundar Pattnaik | ||
F | The Effects of Heart-to-Mobile Phone Distance on the Circulatory System | - | - | 2021-(5) | Fatih Aydin, Ercan Aksit, Ayse Huseyinoglu Aydin, Ozge Turgay Yildirim | ||
F | Evaluation of heart rate variability, blood pressure and lipid profile alterations from dual transceiver mobile phone radiation exposure | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.81 W/kg (body)) | 42d | 2020-(7) | Jamil Dauda Usman, Mikail Umar Isyaku, Adesoji Adedipe Fasanmade | ||
F | Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate Variability During Mobile Phone Usage in First Year Medical Students | (SAR, specs, 0.75 W/kg) | 3min/1d | 2020-(6) | Rekha, Rashmi Ramanathan, Jensy Sekar, Ram Mohan, Kalpaka, S. Jeevithan | ||
F | An Observational Study of Effect of Mobile Phone Radiation on Heart Rate Variability | - | 5min/1d | 2019-(5) | Neelam Choudhary, Paras Nath Mahto | ||
F | Aluminium foil dampened the adverse effect of 2100 MHz mobile phone–induced radiation on the blood parameters and myocardium in rats ("physical remedy") | 2100 MHz (3G UMTS) - (SAR 0.84–1.86 W/kg) | 4h/30d | 2019-(4) | Viskasari P. Kalanjati, Kusuma E. Purwantari, Lucky Prasetiowati | ||
F | Effect of Stress and Radiation of Mobile Phones on Heart and its Capabilities | - | - | 2018-(10) | Ali Hussein F. Al-Nasraui | ||
F | Cellular Phone Irradiation of the Head Affects Heart Rate Variability Depending on Inspiration/Expiration Ratio | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.70 W/Kg (head)) | 20min/1d | 2018-(9) | Szabolcs Béres, Ádám Németh, Zénó Ajtay, István Kiss, Balázs Németh, László Hejjel | ||
F | Heart rate variability affected by radiofrequency electromagnetic field in adolescent students | 1788 MHz (10 MHz pulse modulated) - 0.77 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.405 W/kg (10g)) | 18min/1d | 2018-(12) | Jakub Misek, Igor Belyaev, Viera Jakusova, Ingrid Tonhajzerova, Jan Barabas, Jan Jaku | ||
F | Calculation of Heart Rate Variation Owing to the Effect of Electromagnetic Fields Waves (EMF) | - | - | 2018-(6) | Mohammed Yahya H., Ali Adil Turki, Ali H. F. Alnasraui, Qasim shaker K. | ||
A | Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted from Mobile Phone on Electrocardiographic Variables and Rate Pressure Product | 1800 MHz (GSM) | 30min/1d | 2017-(1) | K. Singh, S. Das | ||
F | A Comprehensive Study of Change in Heart Rate Variability Parameters Due to Radiations Emitted from GSM and WCDMA Cellular Phones | (2G GSM & 3G WCDMA) - (SAR, specs, 0.67-1.14 W/kg) | -/1d | 2017-(14) | Suman, Shyam S. Pattnaik, Harish K. Sardana, Nakul Bansal | ||
F | Immediate effects of mobile phone radiations on heart rate variability in college going students | 850-2100 MHz (3G WCDMA) - (SAR, specs, 1.04 W/kg (body)) | 2min/1d | 2017-(6) | Juveriya Yasmeen, Mehnaaz Sameera Arifuddin, Nazema Khatoon, Umaima Mahveen, Mohammed Abdul Hannan Hazari | ||
F | Effects of mobile phone radiation on heart rate variability of healthy young subjects | 850-1900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.82 W/kg) | 5min/1d | 2015-(6) | Anup M. Vegad, Yogesh K. Kacha , Maulik S. Varu, Hemant B. Mehta, Chinmay J. Shah | ||
F | Physiological and Histological Studies on The Heart of Male Albino Rats Exposed to Electromagnetic Field and The Protective Role of Silymarin and/or Vitamin E ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz (CW) - 1.4 mW/cm2 (SAR, specs, 1.2 W/kg) | 2h/3d x 8 | 2015-(15) | A. Zahkouk Samir, M. El-Gendy Ahkam, A. Eid Fatma, A. El-Tahway Nomaan, A. El-Shamy Sawsan | ||
F | The effects of prenatal exposure to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-day-old male rat heart | 900 MHz - 0.05 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.025 W/kg (body)) | 1h/8d | 2014-(8) | Sibel Türedi, Hatice Hancı, Zehra Topal, Deniz Ünal, Tolga Mercantepe, Ilyas Bozkurt, Haydar Kaya, Ersan Odacı | ||
F | Study the Effect of Mobile (Cell Phone) on the Heart Electricity | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | 5-35m/1d | 2014-(4) | Daeser Hussain, Alyaa H. Ali, Sabah N. Mazhir, Aya Juma | ||
F | A Pilot Study on Long Term Effects of Mobile Phone Usage on Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Young Adult Males | - | - | 2012-(4) | Bhagyalakshmi Kodavanji, Venkappa Siddappa Mantur, Nayanatara Arun Kumar, Sheila Ramesh Pai |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Impact of mobile phone-specific electromagnetic fields on DNA damage caused by occupationally relevant exposures: results of ex vivo experiments with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from different demographic groups | 1950 MHz (3G UMTS) - (SAR 0.25-1.0 W/kg) | 16h/1d | 2023-(11) | Miroslav Mišík, Michael Kundi, Nadine Worel, Franziska Ferk, Hans-Peter Hutter, Michael Grusch, Armen Nersesyan, Denise Herrera Morales, Siegfried Knasmueller | ||
A | DNA and Chromosome Damage in Human and Animal Cells Induced by Mobile Telephony Electromagnetic Fields and Other Stressors | - | - | 2022-(1) | Dimitris J. Panagopoulos | ||
A | Cytogenetic Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation at 1800 MHz: Allium cepa Chromosome Aberrations Assay and Balb/C Mouse Micronucleus Test | 1800 MHz - (SAR 0.27 W/kg) | 30min-4h/7d | 2022-(1) | Ahmad Khalil, Heba Al Naimi, Ahmad Alshamali | ||
F | Micronucleus Assay in Cell Phone Users: Importance of Oral Mucosa Screening | - | - | 2021-(4) | Melika Ghandehari, Donia Sadri, Sareh Farhadi | ||
A | An Evaluation of the Genotoxic Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz Frequencies with a SMART Assay in Drosophila melanogaster | 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz | 2-6h/2d | 2021-(1) | Merve Gunes, Kayhan Ates, Burcin Yalcin, Sibel Akkurt, Sukru Ozen, Bulent Kaya | ||
F | Comparing chromosome damage induced by mobile telephony radiation and a high caffeine dose: Effect of combination and exposure duration | 1920-1960 MHz (3G UMTS) - 0.029 mW/cm2 | 15m/1d | 2020-(14) | Dimitris J. Panagopoulos | ||
A | Effects of different mobile phone UMTS signals on DNA, apoptosis and oxidative stress in human lymphocytes | 1923-1977 MHz (3G UMTS) | 1-3h/1d | 2020-(1) | Sachin Gulati, Pavol Kosik, Matus Durdik, Milan Skorvaga, Lukas Jakl, Eva Markova, Igor Belyaev | ||
F | Single-strand DNA breaks and oxidative changes in rat testes exposed to radiofrequency radiation emitted from cellular phones | 900 MHz (GSM), 1800 (GSM) MHz, 2100 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.003 W/kg (1g)) | 2h/182d | 2019-(8) | Mehmet Esref Alkis, Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag, Suleyman Dasdag, Korkut Yegin, Veysi Akpolat | ||
A | Comparative cyto- and genotoxicity of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz electromagnetic field radiations in root meristems of Allium cepa | 900 MHz, 1800 MHz - 0.026-0.033 mW/cm2 | 30min-5h/1d | 2019-(1) | Arvind Kumar, Shalinder Kaur, Shikha Chandel, Harminder Pal Singh, Daizy Rani Batish, Ravinder Kumar Kohli | ||
F | Chromosome damage in human cells induced by UMTS mobile telephony radiation | 1900-2200 MHz (3G UMTS) - 0.092 mW/cm2 | 15min/1d | 2019-(1) | D. J. Panagopoulos | ||
F | DNA-Related Modifications in a Mixture of Human Lympho-Monocyte Exposed to Radiofrequency Fields and Detected by Raman Microspectroscopy Analysis | 1800 MHz (CW) - (SAR 0.21 W/kg) | 5-20h/1d | 2019-(11) | Maria Lasalvia, Giuseppe Perna, Vito Capozzi | ||
F | Appraisal of immediate and late effects of mobile phone radiations at 2100 MHz on mitotic activity and DNA integrity in root meristems of Allium cepa | 2100 MHz (CW) - 0.049 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.28 W/kg) | 1-4h/1d | 2019-(9) | Shikha Chandel, Shalinder Kaur, Mohd Issa, Harminder Pal Singh, Daizy Rani Batish, Ravinder Kumar Kohli | ||
F | Effect of 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on DNA and oxidative stress in brain | 900-2100 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.039-0.084 W/kg (1g)) | 2h/180d | 2019-(17) | Mehmet Esref Alkis, Hakki Murat Bilgin, Veysi Akpolat, Suleyman Dasdag, Korkut Yegin, Mehmet Cihan Yavas, Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag | ||
F | Oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity GSM 1800 MHz microwave radiation | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.00032 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.0000038 W/kg) | 24h/19d | 2018-(6) | I. Yakymenko, A. Burlaka, O. Tsybulin, O. Brieieva, L. Buchynska, S. Tsehmistrenko, V. Chekhun | ||
F | The Cytogenetic Effects Evaluation of Non-thermal Radiofrequency Radiation from Cellular Phones on Rat Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.35 & 0.87 W/kg (body & head) | 1-3h/105d | 2017-(9) | El Idrissi Sidi Brahim Salem, El Arbi Boussaber, El Goumi Younes, Hayat Talbi, Choukri Abdelmajid, Hillali Abderraouf | ||
F | Electromagnetic fields at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) trigger the onset of general stress response along with DNA modifications in Eisenia fetida earthworms | 900 MHz (CW, 1 kHz) - 0.026-3.8 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.00013-0.00933 W/kg) | 2h/1d | 2017-(11) | Jean-Paul Bourdineaud, Maja Šrut, Anamaria Štambuk, Mirta Tkalec, Daniel Brèthes, Krešimir Malarić, Göran I .V. Klobučar | ||
A | Mitochondrial DNA damage and oxidative damage in HL-60 cells exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields | 900 MHz (CW) - 0.12 mW/cm2 | 4h/5d | 2017-(1) | Yulong Sun, Lin Zong, Zhen Gao, Shunxing Zhu, Jian Tong, Yi Cao | ||
A | The 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G-mobile phone and the DNA oxidative damage in brain | 2100 MHz (UMTS) - 0.068 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.4 W/kg (body)) | 6h/10d, 40d | 2016-(1) | Duygu Sahin , Elcin Ozgur, Goknur Guler, Arın Tomruk, Ilhan Unlu, Aylin Sepici-Dinçel, Nesrin Seyhan | ||
F | Analysis of the Genotoxic Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation using Buccal Micronucleus Assay: A Comparative Evaluation | (2G GSM & 3G CDMA) | - | 2016-(4) | Sumita Banerjee, Narendra Nath Singh, Gadiputi Sreedhar, Saikat Mukherjee | ||
F | Perspectives Revisited - The Buccal Cytome Assay in Mobile Phone Users | - | - | 2015-(10) | Gursatej Gandhi, Prabhjot Singh, Gurpreet Kaur | ||
F | Micronucleus induction by 915 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation in Vicia faba root tips | 915 MHz (CW) - 2.5-5.0 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.3-1.8 W/kg) | 72h | 2014-(20) | Bianca Gustavino, Giovanni Carboni, Roberto Petrillo, Marco Rizzoni, Emanuele Santovetti | ||
F | Adverse Effect of Mobile Phone on TP53, BRCAI Genes and DNA Fragmentation in Albino Rat Liver | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.33 W/kg) | 2h/14d, 28d, 42d | 2013-(5) | E.M. Gouda, M.K. Galal, S.A. Abdalaziz | ||
A | Mobile phone radiation induces mode-dependent DNA damage in a mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line: A protective role of melatonin ("Chemical remedy") | - | -/1d | 2013-(1) | Chuan Liu, Peng Gao, Shang-Cheng Xu, Yuan Wang, Chun-Hai Chen, Min-Di He, Zheng-Ping Yu, Lei Zhang, Zhou Zhou | ||
F | Single-strand DNA breaks in human hair root cells exposed to mobile phone radiation | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.97 W/kg (head)) | 15min, 30min/1d | 2012-(5) | Semra Tepe Çam, Nesrіn Seyhan | ||
F | The toxic effects of mobile phone radiofrequency (940 MHz) on the structure of calf thymus DNA | 940 MHz - 0.059 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.04 W/kg) | 45min/1d | 2012-(7) | Azadeh Hekmat, Ali Akbar Saboury, Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi | ||
F | Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 2 W/kg) | 24h/1d | 2009-(8) | Shang cheng Xu, Zhou Zhou, Lei Zhang, Zhengping Yu, Wei Zhang, Yuan Wang, Xubu Wang, Maoquan Li, Yang Chen, Chunhai Chen, Mindi He, Guangbin Zhang, Min Zhong |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Mobile phone specific radiation disturbs cytokinesis and causes cell death but not acute chromosomal damage in buccal cells: Results of a controlled human intervention study | 1950 MHz (UMTS) - (SAR 0.1-1.6 W/kg) | 2h/5d | 2024-(8) | Michael Kundi, Armen Nersesyan, Gernot Schmid Hans-Peter Hutter, Florian Eibensteiner, Miroslav Misík, Siegfried Knasmüller | ||
F | Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Neuropeptide Transcript Levels in the Synganglion of Ixodes ricinus | 900 MHz (CW) - 0.001-0.424 mW/cm2 | 1-24h/1d | 2023-(13) | Lívia Šofranková, Miroslav Baňas, Natália Pipová, Igor Majláth, Juraj Kurimský, Roman Cimbala, Marek Pavlík, Lourdes Mateos-Hernández, Ladislav Šimo, Viktória Majláthová | ||
F | Impact of Mobile Radiations on Gliclazide Tablet Formulation | - | - | 2023-(5) | Mukesh Tatyarao Mohite, Pankaj Sharma, Jaya Sharma, Pallavi Chaudhari, Sagar Kore | ||
F | Dose- and Time-Dependent Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Adipose Tissue: Implications of Thermoregulation and Mitochondrial Signaling | 900 MHz (CW) - (SAR 0.1-0.4 W/kg) | 2h/3-7d | 2023-(14) | Jennifer Maalouf, Amandine Pelletier, Aurélie Corona, Jérôme Gay-Quéheillard, Véronique Bach, René de Seze, Brahim Selmaoui | ||
F | Evaluation of DNA Methylation Profiles of LINE-1, Alu and Ribosomal DNA Repeats in Human Cell Lines Exposed to Radiofrequency Radiation | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 1 W/kg) | 24h/2d | 2023-(19) | Francesco Ravaioli, Maria Giulia Bacalini, Cristina Giuliani, Camilla Pellegrini, Chiara D’Silva, Sara De Fanti, Chiara Pirazzini, Gianfranco Giorgi, Brunella Del Re | ||
A | Analysis of global DNA methylation changes in human keratinocytes immediately following exposure to a 900 MHz radiofrequency field | 900 MHz - (SAR 0.01 W/kg) | 1h/1d | 2023-(1) | Jody C. Cantu, Joseph W. Butterworth, Xomalin G. Peralta, Jason A. Payne, Ibtissam Echchgadda | ||
F | Assessment Of The Effect Of Electromagnetic Radiation From Cell Phones Using The Daphnia magna Test Object | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | 3h/21d | 2022-(9) | I. T. Sultangaliyeva, R. R. Beisenova | ||
F | The impact of electromagnetic radio waves on some biological aspects of Culex (Culex) pipiens Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) | 900-1900 MHz (GSM) - 0.03 mW/cm2 | 4h/1d | 2022-(6) | Fatma H. Galal, AlaaEddeen M. Seufi | ||
F | The Effects of Mobile Phones on Diabetes and Appetite | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.026 W/kg (body), 0.1 W/kg (1g)) | 2h/20d | 2022-(7) | Hava Bektas | ||
A | Metabolite Profiling of Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) And Its Cytoprotective Effects Versus Vitamin C Against Mobile Phone Radiation-Induced Adrenal Gland Damage In Rats ("Chemical remedy") | - | 1h/28d | 2022-(1) | Rasha Mohamed, Maha Abdul Rahman, Ahmed El-Sayed, Mahitab Mostafa Elsayed, Heba Sabry Ahmed, Sahar Ali | ||
F | 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields Induce Microbiota Dysbiosis and Adaptive Immune System Disorders in Juvenile Rats | 900 MHz (CW) - 0.00085 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.03 W/kg) | 23h/35d | 2022-(18) | Louison Collet, Aymar Bosquillon Jenlis, Hafida Khorsi-Cauet, Marie Naudot, Nariman Djekkoun, Hussein Ghamlouch, Aurélie Corona, Hakim Ouled-Haddou, Stéphane Delanaud, Loïc Garcon, Véronique Bach, Amandine Pelletier, Jean-Pierre Marolleau | ||
F | Ocular effects of mobile phone radiation | - | - | 2022-(6) | Sanjeev Kumar Mittal, Rimpi Rana, Athul Puthalath, Ajai Agrawal, Anupam, Neeti Gupta, Sunita Mittal | ||
A | Corneal opacity in Northern Bald Ibises (Geronticus eremita) equipped with radio transmitters | (GSM) | - | 2022-(1) | Alfonso Balmori | ||
F | Does mobile phone impair blood cells? | 1800 MHz (3G) | 1h/1d | 2021-(5) | Mohammed Nazim Bennaoum, Amira Benabbou, Djouher Belbachir, Noujoum Zmouli, Mohamed Chekkal | ||
F | Evaluation of 900 and 1800 Mhz Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted from Mobile Phones on Pregnant Women | - | - | 2021-(9) | Hava Bektas, Suleyman Dasdag, Mehmet Selcuk Bektas | ||
A | Alteration of intrapancreatic serotonin, homocysteine, TNF-α, and NGF levels as predisposing factors for diabetes following exposure to 900-MHz waves | 900 MHz | 2-4h/30d | 2021-(1) | Gholamali Jelodar, Mansour Azimzadeh, Fatemeh Radmard, Narges Darvishhoo | ||
F | Effects of a repeated exposure to radiofrequency on thermal regulation in rodents | 900 MHz (CW) - (SAR 0.35 W/kg) | 2h/7d | 2021-(4) | T. C. Mai, A. Pelletier, S. Delanaud, F. Robidel, A. Lecomte, S. Rodrigues, E. Peyret, R. de Seze | ||
F | Low-Level Radiofrequency Exposure Induces Vasoconstriction in Rats | 900 MHz (CW) - (SAR 0.35 W/kg) | 23h/6d | 2021-(9) | Thi Cuc Mai, Anne Braun, Veronique Bach, Amandine Pelletier, Rene de Seze | ||
F | Effects of mobile phone emissions on human red blood cells | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 1.5 W/kg (10g)) | 30-60m/1d | 2021-(13) | Aniket Chowdhury, Yashveer Singh, Uttam Das, Deepak Waghmare, Raktim Dasgupta, Shovan Kumar Majumder | ||
F | Evaluation of Non-Thermal Microwave Effects on Bovine Lens by Measuring S-Parameters Induced by Variations in Dielectric Coefficient | 900 MHz (CW) - (SAR 0.179 W/kg (local)) | 24h/4d | 2021-(7) | Junqing Lan, Xiaofeng Sun, Huacheng Zhu, Xiaoren Cao, Lan Yang, Guohong Du | ||
A | Impact of Electromagnetic Radiation on Honey Stomach Ultrastructure and the Body Chemical Element Composition of Apis mellifera (honey bees) | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.5 W/kg (head)) | 10-20m/1d | 2021-(1) | E. A. Mahmoud, A. Gabarty | ||
F | Ameliorative effects of high-protein diet on hepatotoxic alterations in Swiss albino mice exposed to mobile phone radiation ("Chemical remedy") | 1800 MHz (GSM or 4G) - (SAR, specs, 1.5 W/kg (body)) | 3h/90d | 2020-(7) | Debajyoti Bhattacharya, Prerona Biswas, Somnath Gangopadhyay, Mausumi Sikdar | ||
A | Long-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones can cause considerable changes in the balance of Bax/Bcl2 mRNA expression in the hippocampus of mice | - | 1-8h/30d | 2020-(1) | Fatemeh-Zakieh Tohidi, Arianeh Sadr-Nabavi, Hossein Haghir, Reza Fardid, Houshang Rafatpanah, Hosein Azimian, Mohammad-Hossein Bahreyni-Toossi | ||
F | Microtubular structure impairment after GSM-modulated RF radiation exposure | 915 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.23 W/kg - 1.65 W/kg (cell)) | 1-3h/1d | 2020-(6) | Ana Marija Marjanović Čermak, Krunoslav Ilić, Ivan Pavičić | ||
F | Effect of handphone EMF radiation on survival rate and morphological reproductive organ changes of fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830) | 2100 MHz (3.5G HSDPA) | 6h/3d | 2020-(8) | Ignatius Sudaryadi, Azizah Nur Rahmawati, Meliana Rizqiyah | ||
F | Pulsed Telecommunication Signals of Non-ionizing Radiation Affect Amyloid Precursor Protein and α-Synuclein Metabolism in Non-neural Human Cells | 1800 MHz (GSM) 0.003-0.029 mW/cm2 | 30m/2d | 2020-(17) | Aikaterina L. Stefi, Aikaterini S. Skouroliako, Lukas H. Margaritis, Dido Vassilacopoulou | ||
F | Cell Phone Habits and the Related Health Issues – A Study Conducted in Kerala | - | - | 2020-(3) | P. D. Premlal, N. V. Eldhose | ||
F | Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted from Mobile Phone on Hematological Parameters in Albino Mice (blood) | 900 MHz - 0.000013 mW/cm2 | 1-2h/21d | 2020-(8) | Mona H. Ibraheim, Magda S. Hanafy, Amir shahwan, Samir A. Nassar | ||
A | Decreased level of plasma nesfatin-1 in rats exposed to cell phone radiation is correlated with thyroid dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis (thyroid gland) | - | -/30d | 2020-(1) | Noha I. Hussien, Ayman M. Mousa, Abeer A. Shoman | ||
F | In Vitro Effects of Cellular Phone Electromagnetic Fields at 940 MHz on the Structure and Half-Life of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone | 940 MHz (CW) - 0.059 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.04 W/kg) | 45m/1d | 2020-(9) | Mehdi Mohammadpour-Aghdam, Ahmad Molaeirad, Reza Faraji-Dana, Azadeh Azizi | ||
F | Effect of mobile phone radiation on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and contextual fear memory in Wistar rat | 1966 MHz (3G UMTS) - 4 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.36 W/kg (body)) | 2h/112d | 2020-(12) | Kumari Vandana Singh, Rohit Gautam, Ramovtar Meena, Jay Prakash Nirala, Sushil Kumar Jha, Paulraj Rajamani | ||
F | Dynamic changes in cytoskeleton proteins of olfactory ensheathing cells induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (CW vs. modulated) | 900 MHz (CW or 50 Hz modulated) - 0.013 mW/cm2 | 10-20m/1d | 2020-(10) | Rosaria Grasso, Rosalia Pellitteri, Santi A. Caravella, Francesco Musumeci, Giuseppina Raciti, Agata Scordino, Giovanni Sposito, Antonio Triglia, Agata Campisi | ||
F | Apoptotic Effect of 1800 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation on NIH/3T3 Cells | 1800 MHz (CW) - (SAR 2 W/kg) | 12h-2d | 2020-(11) | Dan-Yang Li, Jing-Dong Song, Zhao-Yuan Liang, Kiana Oskouei, Xiang-Qian Xiao, Wen-Zhe Hou, Jin-Tao Li, Yi-Shu Yang, Ming-Lian Wang, Manuel Murbach | ||
F | Immunotropic effects in cultured human blood mononuclear cells exposed to a 900 MHz pulse-modulated microwave field | 900 MHz (877 Hz pulse modulated) - 0.1 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.024 W/kg) | 15min/2d | 2019-(7) | Łukasz Szymański, Elżbieta Sobiczewska, Aleksandra Cios, Pawel Szymanski, Martyna Ciepielak, Wanda Stankiewicz | ||
A | Effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the transcription of repetitive DNA elements in human cells | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 1 W/kg) | - | 2019-(1) | Brunella Del Re, Ferdinando Bersani, Gianfranco Giorgi | ||
F | Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus after Exposure to Electromagnetic Waves Emitted from Mobile Phone Simulator | 900 MHz | 2-24h/1d | 2019-(10) | M. M. Movahedi, F. Nouri, A. Tavakoli Golpaygani, A. Ataee, S. Amani, M. Taheri | ||
A | Variation in epigenetic DNA modifications following the exposure of cells to radiofrequency fields (Conference Presentation) | 900 MHz - 0.23, 1.12, 40.3 mW/cm2 | - | 2019-(1) | Jody Cantu, Xomalin G. Peralta, Cesario Z. Cerna, Ibtissam Echchgadda | ||
A | Effect of cell phone radiation on neutrophil of mice | (3G TD-CDMA or LTE) | - | 2019-(1) | Yinhui Pei, Hui Gao, Lin Li, Xin An, Qinyou Tian | ||
A | Direct and indirect effects of exposure to 900 MHz GSM radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on CHO cell line: Evidence of bystander effect by non-ionizing radiation | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.3 W/kg) | 2-24h/1d | 2019-(1) | Najmeh Jooyan, Bahram Goliaei, Bahareh Bigdeli, Reza Faraji-Dana, Ali Zamani, Milad Entezami, Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi | ||
A | Mobile phone electromagnetic radiation affects Amyloid Precursor Protein and α-synuclein metabolism in SH-SY5Y cells | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.001-0.029 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.008-0.23 W/kg (body)) | 30min/2d | 2019-(1) | Aikaterina L .Stefia, Lukas H. Margaritis, Aikaterini S. Skouroliakou, Dido Vassilacopoulou | ||
F | Effects of 2100 MHz radio frequency radiation on the viscosity of blood and oxidative stress parameters in hypertensive and normal rats | 2100 MHz - 0.079 mW/cm2 | 1h/40d | 2018-(12) | D. Kuzay, C. Ozer, T. Goktas, B. Sirav, F. Senturk, G.T. Kaplanoglu, M. Seymen | ||
F | Effect of low-level 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the rat sciatic nerve and the protective role of paricalcitol ("Chemical remedy") | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.0097 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.0042 W/kg (10g)) | 1h/30d | 2018-(13) | Ulku Comelekoglu, Savas Aktas, Burcu Demirbag, Meryem Ilkay Karagul, Serap Yalin, Metin Yildirim, Aysegul Akar, Begum Korunur Engiz, Fatma Sogut, Erkan Ozbay | ||
F | An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Electromagnetic Radiations Emitted from Mobile Phone on General Health, pH, Flow Rate and Electrolytes Concentrations of Saliva in Female Adults | - | - | 2018-(12) | Etimad Alattar, Khitam Elwasife, Eqbal Radwan, Hadeer Abu Warda, Mohammed Abujami | ||
F | Exposure to cell phone radiofrequency changes corticotrophin hormone levels and histology of the brain and adrenal glands in male Wistar rat | 900 MHz (2G CDMA) - (SAR, specs, 1.01 W/kg) | 6h/28-56d | 2018-(6) | Sima Shahabi, Iman Hassanzadeh Taji, Maedeh Hoseinnezhaddarzi, Fateme Mousavi, Shermineh Shirchi, Atena Nazari, Hooman Zarei, Fereshteh Pourabdolhossein | ||
F | Effects of mobile phone prolonged radiation on kidney cells; an in-vitro study | 900 MHz (GSM) | 1-2h/8d | 2018-(5) | Golshan Mahmoudi, Safoora Nikzad, Mohammad Mehrpouyan, Masoud Moslehi, Milad Baradaran- Ghahfarokhi, Amirreza Dashty | ||
F | Exposure to Global System for Mobile Communication 900 MHz Cellular Phone Radiofrequency Alters Growth, Proliferation and Morphology of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.35 mW/cm2 | 5-101m/3-5d | 2018-(5) | Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei, Batool Hashemi-Beni , Alireza Moradi, Maryam Aliakbari, Saghar Shahbazi-Gahrouei | ||
F | Exposure to 1.8 GHz electromagnetic fields affects morphology, DNA-related Raman spectra and mitochondrial functions in human lympho-monocytes | 1800 MHz (CW) - 0.046-10 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.21 W/kg) | 1-20h/1d | 2018-(26) | M. Lasalvia, R. Scrima, G. Perna, C. Piccoli, N. Capitanio, P. F. Biagi, L. Schiavulli, T. Ligonzo, M. Centra, G. Casamassima, A. Ermini, V. Capozzi | ||
A | Low power microwaves induce changes in gating function of Trpv4 ion channel proteins | 1800 Mhz - 0.58 mW/cm2 | 4h/1d | 2017-(1) | Sohni Jain, Sara Baratchi, Elena Pirogova | ||
F | Effect of Chronic Exposure to GSM 900/1800 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation on General Blood Physiology and Reproductive Function in Male Rats | 900 MHz (GSM), 1800 MHz (GSM)- 0.09 mW/cm2 | 2h/90d | 2017-(8) | Chaithanya K., Kumari Preeti, Rema Razdan, Karan Devasani | ||
F | Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation on Surface Tension and Volume Flow Rate of Human Blood groups | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.91 W/kg) | 30-60m/1d | 2017-(6) | Somayeh Arian Rad, Adeel Ahmad | ||
F | The response of human bacteria to static magnetic field and radiofrequency electromagnetic field | 900-1800 MHz (CW) | - | 2017-(7) | David P. E. Crabtree, Brandon J. Herrera, Sanghoon Kang | ||
A | The effects of low power microwaves at 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz on yeast cells growth | 1800-2100 MHz (CW) - 0.0012-0.6 mW/cm2 | 6h/1d | 2017-(5) | Sohni Jain, Vuk Vojisaveljevic, Elena Pirogova | ||
F | Low power microwaves at 1.8 GHz and 2.1 GHz induce chages in Catalase enzyme kinetics | 1800-2100 MHz(CW) - 0.0012-0.6 mW/cm2 | 5m/1d | 2017-(4) | Sohni Jain, Vuk Vojisaveljevic, Elena Pirogova | ||
A | Alterations of thymic morphology and antioxidant biomarkers in 60-day-old male rats following exposure to a continuous 900 MHz electromagnetic field during adolescence | 900 MHz - 0.0208 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.0067 W/kg (body)) | 1h/38d | 2017-(7) | A. Kulaber, G. Kerimoğlu, Ş. Ersöz, S. Çolakoğlu, E. Odacı | ||
F | Acute effects of mobile phone radiations on subtle energy levels of teenagers using electrophotonic imaging technique: A randomized controlled study | 2100 MHz (3G UMTS) - 0.00013 mW/cm2 | 15min/1d | 2017-(7) | Hemant Bhargav, T.M. Srinivasan, Suman Bista, A. Mooventhan, Vandana Suresh, Alex Hankey, H.R. Nagendra | ||
F | Hair Loss due to Electromagnetic Radiation from Overuse of Cell Phone (case report) | - | - | 2016-(3) | Rajendrasingh J. Rajput | ||
F | Effect of Electromagnetic Waves Emitted from Mobile Phone on Nerve Conduction Velocity of Median Nerve in Adult Males | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.702 W/Kg) | 10min/1d | 2016-(5) | K. Dabla, K. Singh | ||
F | Effect of Exposure to 900 MHz GSM Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Radiation on Estrogen Receptor Methylation Status in Colon Cells of Male Sprague Dawley Rats | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 0.95 W/kg) | 4h/1d | 2016-(8) | P. Mokarram, M. Sheikhi, S.M.J. Mortazavi, S. Saeb, N. Shokrpour | ||
A | Parallel β‐sheet vibration band increases with proteins dipole moment under exposure to 1765 MHz microwaves | 1765 MHz - 0.094 mW/cm2 | 4h/1d | 2016-(1) | Emanuele Calabrò, Salvatore Magazù | ||
A | Mobile phone exposure influences some erythrocytes parameters in vitro. A novel source of preanalytical variability? (red blood cells) | 900 MHz (GSM) | 30min/1d | 2016-(1) | Elisa Danese, Giuseppe Lippi, Giorgio Brocco, Martina Montagnana, Gian Luca Salvagno | ||
A | Adverse effects in lumbar spinal cord morphology and tissue biochemistry in Sprague Dawley male rats following exposure to a continuous 1-h a day 900-MHz electromagnetic field throughout adolescence | 900 MHz (CW) | 1h/38d | 2016-(1) | Gökçen Kerimoğlu, Ali Aslan, Orhan Baş, Serdar Çolakoğlu, Ersan Odacı | ||
A | Morphological and antioxidant impairments in the spinal cord of male offspring rats following exposure to a continuous 900 MHz electromagnetic field during early and mid-adolescence | 900 MHz (CW) - 0.021 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.01 W/kg (body)) | 1h/25d | 2015-(1) | Ayşe İkinci, Tolga Mercantepe, Deniz Unal, Hüseyin Serkan Erol, Arzu Şahin, Ali Aslan, Orhan Baş, Havva Erdem, Osman Fikret Sönmez, Haydar Kaya, Ersan Odaci | ||
F | Oxidative changes and apoptosis induced by 1800-MHz electromagnetic radiation in NIH/3T3 cells | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 2 W/kg) | (5 min on/10 min off) 0.5-8.0h/1d | 2015-(8) | Qingxia Hou, Minglian Wang, Shuicai Wu, Xuemei Ma, Guangzhou An, Huan Liu, Fei Xi | ||
A | Effects of microwaves (900 MHz) on peroxidase systems: A comparison between lactoperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.038 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.00004 W/kg) | 30min/1d | 2015-(1) | Mario Barteri, Roberta De Carolis, Fiorenzo Marinelli, Goliardo, Linda Celeste Montemiglio | ||
F | 2.1 GHz electromagnetic field does not change contractility and intracellular Ca2+ transients but decreases β-adrenergic responsiveness through nitric oxide signaling in rat ventricular myocytes | 2100 MHz (GSM) - 0.138 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.83 W/kg) | 2h/70d | 2015-(8) | Yusuf Olgar , Enis Hidisoglu , Murat Cenk Celen , Bilge Eren Yamasan , Piraye Yargicoglu, Semir Ozdemir | ||
A | Effects of electromagnetic field (1.8/0.9 GHz) exposure on growth plate in growing rats | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) | 2h/90d | 2015-(30) | H. Ozlem Nisbet, Aysegul Akar, Cevat Nisbet, M. Yavuz Gulbahar, Ahmet Ozak, Cenk Yardimci, Selcuk Comlekci | ||
F | Effects of RF-EMF Exposure from GSM Mobile Phones on Proliferation Rate of Human Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In-vitro Study | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.35 mW/cm2 (SAR 2.0 W/kg) | 6-21min /5d | 2015-(10) | D. Shahbazi-Gahrouei, B. Hashmi-Beni, Z. Ahmadi | ||
F | Ameliorative Effect of Two Antioxidants on The Liver of Male Albino Rats Exposed to Electromagnetic Field ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz - 1.4 mW/cm2 | 2h/3d x 8 | 2015-(20) | A. Eid Fatma, M. El-Gendy Ahkam, A. Zahkouk Samir, A. El-Tahway Nomaan, A. El-Shamy Sawsan | ||
F | Effects of cell phone radiation on the levels of T3, T4 and TSH, and histological changes in thyroid gland in rats treated with hydroalcholic Allium sativum extract | 900 MHz (GSM) | 12 x 10min/30d | 2014-(8) | Behnaz Hajioun, H. Jowhari, M. Mokhtari | ||
F | Selenium Reduces Mobile Phone (900 MHz)-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Function, and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz (GSM) - 0.0012 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.36 W/kg) | 1h/1d | 2014-(9) | Mehmet Cemal Kahya, Mustafa Nazıroğlu, Bilal Çiğ | ||
F | Effects of microwave exposure and Gemcitabine treatment on apoptotic activity in Burkitt’s lymphoma (Raji) cells | 1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.42 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.35 W/kg (10g)) | 24h/1d | 2014-(5) | Ayşe G. Canseven, Meric Arda Esmekaya, Handan Kayhan, Mehmet Zahid Tuysuz, Nesrin Seyhan | ||
F | Differential Pro-Inflammatory Responses of Astrocytes and Microglia Involve STAT3 Activation in Response to 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Fields | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 2 W/kg) | (5 min on/10 min off) 1-24h/1d | 2014-(12) | Yonghui Lu, Mindi He, Yang Zhang, Shangcheng Xu, Lei Zhang, Yue He, Chunhai Chen, Chuan Liu, Huifeng Pi, Zhengping Yu, Zhou Zhou | ||
F | 17-B-Estradiol Counteracts the Effects of High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Trophoblastic Connexins and Integrins | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR, specs, 2 W/kg) | 1h/1d | 2013-(11) | Franco Cervellati, Giuseppe Valacchi, Laura Lunghi, Elena Fabbri, Paola Valbonesi, Roberto Marci, Carla Biondi, Fortunato Vesce | ||
F | Mobile Phone Radiation Induced Plasma Protein Alterations And Eye Pathology In Newly Born Mice | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.5 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.78 W/kg) | 45min/30d | 2013-(21) | F. Eid, M. Abou Zeid, N Hanafi, A. El-Dahshan | ||
F | In vitro Effect of Radiofrequency on hsp70 Gene Expression and Immune– effector Cells of Birds | 850 MHz (GSM), 1200 MHz - (SAR 1.7 W/kg) | 5-60min/1d | 2013-(6) | Pradip Kumar Das, Chandrakanta Jana, Thulasiraman Parkunan, Probal Ranjan Ghosh, Siddhartha Narayan Joardar, Guru Desika Vishaga Pandiyan, Joydip Mukherjee, Sagar Sanyal | ||
F | Unfolding and Aggregation of Myoglobin Can Be Induced by Three Hours’ Exposure to Mobile Phone Microwaves: A FTIR Spectroscopy Study | 1765 MHz (GSM) - 0.08 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.85 W/kg) | 3h/1d | 2013-(8) | Emanuele Calabròa, Salvatore Magazùa | ||
F | Electromagnetic fields (UHF) increase voltage sensitivity of membrane ion channels; possible indication of cell phone effect on living cells | 910-990 MHz (CW) - 0.005 mW/cm2 | 1-2m/1d | 2013-(14) | N. Ketabi, H. Mobasheri, R. Faraji-Dana | ||
F | Is the effect of mobile phone radiofrequency waves on human skin perfusion non-thermal ? | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.49 W/kg (10g)) | 20min/1d | 2013-(26) | Nathalie Loos, Gyorgy Thuroczy, Rania Ghosn, Val´erie Brenet-Dufour, Sophie Liabeuf, Brahim Selmaoui, Jean-Pierre Libert, V´eronique Bach, Momar Diouf, Ren´e De Seze | ||
A A | 1800 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.5-4 W/kg) | 15min/1d | 2012-(1) 2013-(1) | Wenjun Sun, Xiuying Shen, Dongbo Lu, Yiti Fu, Deqiang Lu, Huai Chiang | |||
F | Effect of 935-MHz phone-simulating electromagnetic radiation on endometrial glandular cells during mouse embryo implantation | 935 MHz (CW) - 0.15-1.4 mW/cm2 | 2h, 4h/3d | 2012-(5) | Wenhui Liu, Xinmin Zheng, Zaiqing Qu, Ming Zhang, Chun Zhou, Ling Ma, Yuanzhen Zhang | ||
F | Effects of cell phone radiofrequency exposure on the human cytochrome P450 reductase (protein structure change) | 1900 MHz (3G UMTS) - (SAR 1 W/kg) | 1h/1d | 2012-(6) | Shazia Tanvir, Gyorgy Thuroczy, Brahim Selmaoui, Viviane Silva Pires-Antonietti, Pascal Sonnet, Philippe Léveque, René De Seze, Sylviane Pulvin | ||
F | Influence of Electromagnetic Radiation Produced by Mobile Phone on Some Biophysical Blood Properties in Rats | 900 MHz (GSM) | 1h/90d, 180d | 2012-(4) | Abu Bakr El-Bediwi, Mohamed Saad, Attalla F. El-kott, Eman Eid | ||
F | Biophysical Properties of Liquid Water Exposed to EM Radio Frequency Radiation | 890-915 MHz (GSM), 1710-1785 MHz (GSM) - 0.055 mW/cm2, 0.0017 mW/cm2 | 1-1.5h/1d | 2012-(21) | Valery Shalatonin | ||
F | Electromagnetic Fields Effects on the Secondary Structure of Lysozyme and Bioprotective Effectiveness of Trehalose ("chemical remedy") | 900 MHz (GSM) - (SAR 0.96 W/kg) | 4h/1d | 2012-(6) | Emanuele Calabro, Salvatore Magazù | ||
F | Electromagnetic Treatment to Old Alzheimer's Mice Reverses β-Amyloid Deposition, Modifies Cerebral Blood Flow, and Provides Selected Cognitive Benefit | 918 MHz (GSM) - 0.076-0.32 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.25-1.05 W/kg) | 2h/12d, 60d | 2012-(14) | Gary W. Arendash, Takashi Mori, Maggie Dorsey, Rich Gonzalez, Naoki Tajiri, Cesar Borlongan | ||
F | Effects of 900 and 1800 MHz Electromagnetic Field Application on Electrocardiogram, Nitric Oxide, Total Antioxidant Capacity, Total Oxidant Capacity, Total Protein, Albumin and Globulin Levels in Guinea Pigs | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.000135-0.000355 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.0015-0.15 W/kg) | 4h/20d | 2011-(6) | Metin Çenesız, Onur Atakışı, Ayşegül Akar, Güven Önbılgın, Neslihan Ormanci | ||
F | Morphological changes induced by mobile phone radiation in liver and pancreas in Wistar albino rats | (GSM) | 30min, 60min/91d | 2010-(5) | Sultan Ayoub Meo, Muhammad Arif, Shahzad Rashied, Sufia Husain, Muhammad M. Khan, Abeer A. Al Masri, Muhammad S. Vohra, Adnan M. Usmani, Ashraf Husain, Abdul M. Al-Drees | ||
A | Comparison of biological effects between continuous and intermittent exposure to GSM-900-MHz mobile phone radiation: Detection of apoptotic cell-death features | 900 MHz (GSM) | 1h/91d, 182d | 2010-(1) | Evangelia D. Chavdoula, Dimitris J. Panagopoulos, Lukas H. Margaritis | ||
F | Bioeffects of mobile telephony radiation in relation to its intensity or distance from the antenna | 900-1800 MHz (GSM) - 0.0002-0.378 mW/cm2 | 6min/6d | 2010-(13) | Dimitris J. Panagopoulos, Evangelia D. Chavdoula, Lukas H. Margaritis |
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