Wi-Fi MW Hazards Experiments
Experimental demonstrations of how Wi-Fi is affecting life in various health parameters
Wi-Fi infrastructure operates predominantly at 2.4–2.5 GHz, typically employing 217 Hz pulsed modulation. Convergent experimental evidence from this frequency band reveals that biological alterations are not random but follow distinct pathway-specific patterns: VEGF-mediated reproductive toxicity, thyroid structural remodeling, calcium-driven oxidative cascades, gender-dependent electrophysiological shifts, prenatal morphogenetic interference, and microbial metabolic modulation. These endpoints consistently emerge at exposure intensities well below thermal safety thresholds, indicating that Wi-Fi fields act as informational stressors rather than thermal loads [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. ...
Reproductive Toxicity and Endocrine Remodeling
Testicular tissue demonstrates pronounced vulnerability to 2.4–2.5 GHz fields through VEGF-upregulation pathways independent of hypoxia. In rat models exposed to 2.44 GHz (217 Hz modulated, 0.00239 mW/cm², 1h/60d), VEGFA gene expression (p < 0.05) and protein levels (p < 0.001) increased significantly while seminiferous tubule diameter, epithelial thickness, tubule density, and Sertoli cell count decreased (all p < 0.01), leading authors to conclude that Wi-Fi exposure induces HIF1A-independent VEGF elevation that directly compromises testicular architecture [1]. Time-course studies corroborate this vulnerability: 2.45 GHz exposure for 4 hours triggered acute oxidative stress, impaired sperm ultrastructure, and reduced motility; partial recovery occurred at 8 and 24 hours, indicating activated but incomplete repair mechanisms [2, 3].
Chronic paradigms confirm duration-dependent toxicity. Long-term 2.4 GHz exposure from conventional Wi-Fi equipment (SAR 0.0024 W/kg, 24 h/day, 365 days) reduced testosterone and induced germ cell degeneration [4], while shorter chronic protocols in growing rat testes replicated morphological disruption [5]. Epidemiological screening bridges laboratory findings to clinical observations, correlating habitual electronic device proximity with elevated sperm DNA fragmentation and reduced quality parameters in healthy donors [6, 7, 8]. Endocrine remodeling extends beyond gonads: prenatal Wi-Fi exposure disrupts VEGF-mediated vascularization during pregnancy, altering postnatal developmental trajectories [9, 10]. Thyroid tissue similarly responds to 2.45 GHz fields, with postnatal evaluation one year after gestational exposure revealing significant increases in fibrosis (p = 0.038), atypical thyrocytes (p = 0.002), degenerated follicles (p = 0.007), and colloid reduction (p = 0.002), confirming persistent endocrine vulnerability [11].
Systemic Oxidative Stress and Calcium-Driven Cascades
Oxidative imbalance represents the most consistently replicated mechanism across Wi-Fi exposure studies. Radiation at 2.4–2.5 GHz elevates lipid peroxidation while depleting glutathione and superoxide dismutase in hepatic, renal, neural, and splenic tissues [12, 13, 14]. Continuous exposure models demonstrate that these redox shifts progress systemically: rats exposed to Wi-Fi fields for extended periods exhibit elevated hepatic injury markers, hepatocyte degeneration, and increased oxidative stress parameters, with vitamin C supplementation significantly ameliorating histopathological damage and preserving tissue architecture [15, 16].
At the cellular level, Wi-Fi fields trigger cytosolic Ca²⁺ influx that drives oxidative stress and proliferation in human leukemia cells, revealing a specific ionic transduction pathway for 2.45 GHz bioeffects [17]. Prolonged Wi-Fi radiation further induces DNA damage across multiple rat tissues, confirming that oxidative cascades compromise genomic integrity even at low intensities [18]. Cardiovascular parameters also respond: combined heat and 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi exposure produces synergistic adverse effects on heart rate variability and blood pressure, indicating that oxidative stress intersects with autonomic regulation [16].
Neurocognitive and Electrophysiological Modulation
Human neurocognitive function shows acute sensitivity to Wi-Fi frequencies. Exposure at SAR 0.15 W/kg (20 min) significantly impairs working memory performance, providing direct evidence that 2.45 GHz fields disrupt information processing without thermal mediation [19]. Chronic exposure protocols replicate these cognitive impacts at the molecular level: 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi fields (SAR 0.00014–0.0015 W/kg, 24 h/day, 365 days) alter microRNA expression profiles in rat brain tissue, specifically dysregulating transcripts involved in neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, and apoptosis [20].
Adolescent populations exhibit measurable processing delays following home Wi-Fi router exposure, with 2.4–2.48 GHz fields reducing information processing speed at environmentally relevant intensities [21]. Electrophysiological recordings further demonstrate that Wi-Fi fields exert gender-related alterations on EEG spectral symmetry, with human volunteers showing distinct alpha-band modulation patterns depending on biological sex [22]. Prenatal Wi-Fi exposure (2.45 GHz) disrupts postnatal behavior and development in rat offspring, with maternal restraint modulating the magnitude of observed neurobehavioral deficits, confirming that developmental windows amplify Wi-Fi sensitivity [23]. Skeletal development is similarly affected: prenatal 2.4 GHz exposure alters forelimb histology and modifies osteocalcin and RUNX2 gene expression in NMRI mice, indicating that Wi-Fi fields interfere with osteogenic signaling pathways [24].
Embryonic Vulnerability and Structural Integrity
Avian embryonic models demonstrate that Wi-Fi and GSM co-exposure compromises renal and neural development during critical morphogenetic periods. Exposure protocols (15–30 min/day, 15 days) induce metanephric tubular degeneration in chick embryos, confirming that developing nephrons are highly susceptible to RF-EMF [25]. Mobile phone and Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves further disrupt neuronal maturation and blood-brain barrier integrity in chick embryos, with histopathological analyses revealing compromised tight junction proteins and increased cellular stress markers during neurogenesis [26, 27]. These findings consistently indicate that Wi-Fi frequencies interfere with progenitor cell differentiation and structural integrity rather than causing acute cytotoxicity.
Microbial Ecology and Biophysical Water Dynamics
Flora and microorganisms exhibit measurable metabolic responses to Wi-Fi bands. In vitro fungal cultures (Serpula himantioides) exposed to 2.45 GHz (0.000042 mW/cm², 24h/7d) alter acid fatty acid and ergosterol content, indicating adaptive biochemical shifts rather than outright toxicity [28]. Plant stress-response pathways similarly modulate under Wi-Fi exposure, with documented changes in secondary metabolite profiles suggesting electromagnetic sensing influences redox biochemistry [29].
Microbial communities demonstrate altered growth kinetics and modified antimicrobial susceptibility following Wi-Fi exposure. Short-term 2.4 GHz radiation from Wi-Fi routers modifies antibiotic resistance profiles in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, enhancing biofilm formation and suggesting non-thermal interference with quorum sensing and stress-response enzyme modulation [30, 31]. At the biophysical level, Wi-Fi energy diminishes exclusion zone (EZ) water size by 15–20%, indicating that 2.45 GHz fields directly interfere with structured water networks critical for cellular hydration, protein folding, and intracellular energy transfer [32]. Protozoan populations further exhibit disrupted division and navigation behaviors under Wi-Fi frequencies, confirming that fundamental cellular coordination mechanisms are sensitive to 2.4–2.5 GHz modulation [33, 34].
Epidemiological Correlates and Safety Paradigm Shift
Meta-analytical synthesis of human exposure data reveals statistically significant associations between cumulative RF-EMF intensity and increased health risks. Evaluations encompassing 8,513 cases and 16,446 controls demonstrate that while usage frequency and duration show marginally elevated odds ratios, intensity exposure under 1,000 hours yields a significant OR of 1.242 (CI: 1.065–1.449), highlighting exposure dose as the primary determinant of biological impact [35, 36]. Current ICNIRP and FCC safety standards exclusively prevent tissue heating, yet Wi-Fi experimental evidence consistently demonstrates reproducible non-thermal effects at SAR values ≤0.001 W/kg [1, 12, 17]. This discrepancy stems from failure to account for voltage-gated calcium channel activation, radical pair dynamics in cryptochromes, and modulation-specific biological activity that exceeds continuous wave effects [37, 38]. Comprehensive risk assessment requires paradigm shifts toward field-quality parameters including pulse repetition frequency, modulation depth, and exposure intermittence, recognizing that biological systems respond to electromagnetic information content rather than bulk energy deposition alone.
Future Research Directions
- VEGF/HIF1A-independent pathway mapping: Elucidate how 2.45 GHz fields upregulate angiogenic signaling in testicular and thyroid tissues without hypoxic triggers [1, 9]
- Gender-specific neurophysiology: Investigate differential EEG and cognitive modulation patterns under Wi-Fi exposure to determine biological susceptibility factors [19, 22]
- Microbial resistance mechanisms: Characterize how 2.4 GHz router radiation alters quorum sensing, biofilm architecture, and antibiotic susceptibility in clinical isolates [30, 31]
- Structured water biophysics: Quantify EZ water modulation thresholds and correlate with cellular metabolic disruption under pulsed vs. continuous Wi-Fi signals [17, 32]
- Longitudinal dose-response tracking: Establish non-thermal exposure curves across 2.4–2.5 GHz bands using real-world modulation patterns and wearable dosimetry [21, 35]
References
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Keywords
- Wi-Fi Electromagnetic Fields, Non-thermal Biological Effects, VEGF-Mediated Toxicity, Oxidative Stress Cascades, Calcium Signaling Pathways, Neurocognitive Modulation, Embryonic Vulnerability, Microbial Metabolic Modulation, Structured Water Interfaces, Safety Standards Critique, Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
Very related sections:
↑ text updated (AI generated): 13/05/2026
↓ tables updated (Human): 06/03/2026
Applied Fields - Hazards
Wi-Fi MW Hazards Experiments (2450 MHz, etc.)
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| F |  | Effects of wireless local area network exposure on testicular morphology and VEGF levels | 2.44 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - 0.00239 mW/cm2 | 1h/60d |  | 2026-(9) | Eser Çakmak, Birşen Bilgici, Begüm Korunur Engiz, Adem Kocaman |
| F | | Radiofrequency regulates the BET-mediated pathways in radial glia differentiation in human cortical development | 2.4 GHz - 0.00025 mW/cm2 | 12-24h/8-60d | | 2025-(22) | Bilal Cakir, Yoshiaki Tanaka, Mu Seog Choe, Ferdi Ridvan Kiral, Jonghun Kim, Nicola Micali, Young-Jin Kang, Bhushan Dharmadhikari, Benjamin Patterson, Woo Sub Yang, Yoonmi Cho, Yangfei Xiang, Mei Zhong, Sang-Hun Lee, Prabir Patra, Pasko Rakic, In-Hyun Park |
| A |  | From adults to offspring: Wi-Fi RF-EMR exposure in adult zebrafish impairs reproduction and transgenerationally effects development and behavior of progeny | (Wi-Fi) | 4h/30d | | 2025-(1) | Jahnavi Mehta, Rifat Khira, Swati Fumakiya, Pranjal Sharma, Aditi Punekar, Charmi Jain, Gowri K. Uggini |
| A | | One-year follow-up of thyroid status in rats exposed to 2.45 Ghz radiofrequency radiation during the prenatal period | 2.45 GHz - (SAR 0.012 W/kg(body)) | 24h/gestational period | | 2025-(1) | Cemal Özyılmaz, Süleyman Daşdağ, Mehmet Faruk Oktay, Engin Ulukaya, Merve Erkısa Genel, Funda Emre, Korkut Yeğin |
| F |  | A Prolonged exposure to Wi-Fi Radiation Induces Neurobehavioral Changes and Oxidative Stress in Adult Zebrafish | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 4h/30d | | 2025-(11) | Swati Fumakiya, Jahnavi Mehta, Aditi Punekar, Payal Sharma, Gowri Kumari Uggini |
| F |  | Effects of coenzyme Q10 on sperm parameters and pathological changes induced by Wi-Fi waves in the testicular tissue of rats ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 7h/60d | | 2025-(7) | Ali Safaeinezhad, Esmaeil Mousapour, Arash Karimi Baba Ahmadi, Sina Ebrahimi, Kaveh Rahimi, Annahita Rezaie, Mahboobeh Dehvari, Masoumeh Ezzati Givi, Ali Sasani |
| F | | The Influence of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi Exposure Duration on Sperm Quality and Testicular Histopathology: An Exploration of Peroxidative Injury | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 4-24h/56d | | 2025-(14) | Norazurashima Jamaludin, Siti Fatimah Ibrahim, Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar, Aini Farzana Zulkefli, Khairul Osman |
| A | | Short-term exposure of 2.4 GHz electromagnetic radiation on cellular ROS generation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cell line and impact on developing chick embryo brain tissue | 2.4 GHz | 4h/5d | | 2025-(1) | Krishnan Deena, Gobichettipalayam Balasubramaniam Maadurshni, Jeganathan Manivannan, Ramasamy Sivasamy |
| A | | Comparative effects of two aerobic training protocols on cognitive function, brain damage, and neurotransmitter levels in rats exposed to electromagnetic radiation emitted from a Wi-Fi router ("physical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 4h/20d | | 2024-(1) | Shima Hoghoughizadeh, Fatemeh Shabkhiz, Mohammad Reza Kordi, Amir Mohammad Zobeydi |
| F | | Does radiofrequency radiation impact sleep? A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study | 2.45 GHz - 0.0002-0.0007 mW/cm2 | 14d | | 2024-(11) | Nicole Bijlsma, Russell Conduit, Gerard Kennedy, Marc Cohen |
| F | | Sick Building Syndrome: experimental study on the effect of bio geometry design on electromagnetic (wi fi) waves in architectural spaces | (Wi-Fi) | 21d |  | 2024-(21) | Khaled Moustafa Foaad Youssef, Iman Mohamed Askar |
| F | | Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on glioblastoma cells (U -118 MG) | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.002 mW/cm2 | 24h/3d | | 2023-(10) | Agnieszka Nowak-Terpiłowska, Romuald Górski, Małgorzata Marszałek, Stanisław Wosiński, Rafał Przesmycki, Marek Bugaj, Leszek Nowosielski, Mikołaj Baranowski, Joanna Zeyland |
| F | | Exploring the Effects of 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Field Radiation in the Etiology of Endothelial Injury | 2.44 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - 0.05 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.175 W/kg) | 1h/30d | | 2023-(21) | Dilek Ulusoy Karatopuk, Ahmet Rıfkı Çora, Ersin Çelik, Kadir Burhan Karadem, Selçuk Çömlekçi |
| A | | Investigation of gene expression levels in thyroid tissues of rats treated with Wi-Fi electromagnetic wave (2.4–3 GHz Wi-Fi RF-EMF) | 2.4-3 GHz (Wi-Fi) | - | | 2023-(1) | Musa Serin, Sinan Soylu, Sevqi Durna Dastan, Süleyman Koc, Atilla Kurt |
| F | | A primary study on rat fetal development and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels under the control of electromagnetic fields | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR 0.15-0.31 W/kg) | 6h/gestational period, +21d, +56d | | 2023-(6) | Sima DastAmooz, Shahzad Tahmasebi Broujeni, Nahid Sarahian |
| F | | An impact of Wi-Fi irradiation on the gut microbiome of rats [preprint] | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 24h/30d | | 2023-(15) | Timur Saliev, Samat Kozhakhmetov, Madiyar Nurgaziyev, Zharkyn Jarmukhanov, Shamil Mureyev, Almagul Kushugulova, Timur Fazylov, Ildar Fakhradiyev |
| F | | Impacts of Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)—Evidence for RF-EMF Interference with Plant Stress Responses | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi), 5 GHz (Wi-Fi), 1900 MHz (DECT) - 0.0002 mW/cm2 | 1-42d | | 2023-(18) | Nam Trung Tran, Luca Jokic, Julian Keller, Jens Uwe Geier, Ralf Kaldenhoff |
| F | | Pilot Study of the Long-Term Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure on the Mouse Brain | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 24h/112d | | 2023-(18) | Sonia Spandole-Dinu, Ana-Maria Catrina, Oana Cristina Voinea, Alina Andone, Speranta Radu, Cerasela Haidoiu, Octavian Călborean, Diana Mihaela Popescu, Vladimir Suhăianu, Octavian Baltag, Leontin Tut, Georgiana Ros |
| A | | Swimming exercise reduces oxidative stress and liver damage indices of male rats exposed to electromagnetic radiation | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 4h/28d | | 2023-(1) | Hossein Amiri, Fatemeh Shabkhiz, Parisa Pournemati, Amir Hossein Saffar Kohneh Quchan, Reza Zeighami Fard |
| F | | WiFi Related Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Promote Transposable Element Dysregulation and Genomic Instability in Drosophila melanogaster | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.00048 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.06 W/kg) | 1-10d | | 2022-(21) | Ugo Cappucci, Assunta Maria Casale, Mirena Proietti, Fiorenzo Marinelli, Livio Giuliani, Lucia Piacentini |
| F | | Electromagnetic radiations on the functional potential of spermatozoa | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 2-5h/1d | | 2022-(6) | A. J. A. Ranjitsingh, M. Elizabeth Mathew, P. Dhasarathan, G. Athinarayanan |
| A | | 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative stress: Role of inflammatory cytokines in regulating male fertility through estrogen receptor alpha in Gallus gallus domesticus | 2.4 GHz - 0.12 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.99 W/kg) | 2h/30d | | 2022-(1) | Vaibhav Gupta, Rashmi Srivastava |
| A | | Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by Modern Cellphones on Sperm Motility and Viability: An In Vitro Study | (4G, 5G & Wi-Fi) | - | | 2022-(1) | Kevin Y. Chu, Kajal Khodamoradi, Ruben Blachman-Braun, Alexandra Dullea, Joginder Bidhan, Katherine Campbell, John Zizzo, Joseph Israeli, Mitch Kim, Francis Petrella, Emad Ibrahim, Ranjith Ramasamy |
| F | | The Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation Transmitted from Routers on Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Pathogens | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 6-34h/1d | | 2022-(12) | Athanasios Pegios, Dimitrios Kavvadas, Konstantinos Ζarras, Konstantia Mpani, Prodromos Soukiouroglou, Sofia Charalampidou, Eleni Vagdatli, Theodora Papamitsou |
| A | | Changes in the Histopathology and in the Proteins Related to the MAPK Pathway in the Brains of Rats Exposed to Pre and Postnatal Radiofrequency Radiation Over Four Generations | 2.45 GHz (CW) | 12h/- | | 2022-(1) | Burak Tan, Fazile Canturk Tan, Betul Yalcin, Suleyman Dasda, Korkut Yegin, Arzu HanimYay |
| A | | Effects of pre and postnatal 2450 MHz continuous wave (CW) radiofrequency radiation on thymus: Four generation exposure | 2.45 GHz (CW) | 12h/- | | 2022-(1) | Fazile Cantürk Tan, Betül Yalçin, Arzu Hanım Yay, Burak Tan, Korkut Yeğin, Süleyman Daşda |
| F | | Effects of Heat and WiFi (2.4 GHz) Exposure on Rat Cardiovascular System | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 2h/52d | | 2022-(7) | Mehrzad Jafari, Ehsan Masoudi, Narges Sotoudeh, Seyede Fatemeh Hosseini |
| F | | 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation hazard on the rat cortical femur: morphometric and biomechanical evaluations | 2.45 GHz (CW) - 0.038 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.072 W/kg (10g)) | 2h/21d | | 2022-(8) | Aysegul Akar, Murat Erdem Gultiken, Durmus Bolat, Neslihan Ormanci, Begum Korunur Engiz, Ertugrul Sunan, Ulku Comelekoglu |
| A | | Role of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi on some miRNA and faty acids composition in brain | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 24h/365d | | 2022-(1) | Suleyman Dasdag, Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag, Mehmet Bashan, Veysi Kizmaz, Nurten Erdal,Mehmet Emin Erdal, Mehmet Tughan Kiziltug, Korkut Yegin |
| F | | Long-Term Wi-Fi Exposure From Pre-Pubertal to Adult Age on the Spermatogonia Proliferation and Protective Effects of Edible Bird’s Nest Supplementation ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 24h/98d | | 2022-(11) | Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar, Khairul Osman, Chua Kien Hui, Aini Farzana Zulkefli, Siti Fatimah Ibrahim |
| F | | Simultaneous effect of gamma and Wi-Fi radiation on gamma-H2Ax expression in peripheral blood of rat: A radio-protection note | Gamma-ray + 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.00000000042 mW/cm2 | 2-72h | | 2022-(6) | Ehsan Khodamoradi, Shima Afrashi, Karim Khoshgard, Farshid Fathi, Soodeh Shahasavari, Rasool Azmoonfar, Masoud Najafi |
| F | | Artificial EMG by WLAN-Exposure | (Wi-Fi) - 0.000003 mW/cm2 | - | | 2021-(3) | L. Yon Klitzing |
| F | | The influence of Wi-Fi range electromagnetic radiation on the parameters of the human’s heart variability | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.00085 mW/cm2 | - | | 2021-(7) | S. Yu Rybalko, Yu V. Bobrik, A. L. Korepanov |
| F | | Impact of Wi-Fi Energy on EZ Water | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 20m/1d | | 2021-(15) | Ji Won Lee, Gerald Pollack |
| A | | Effects of Wi-Fi Radiofrequency Radiation on Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (bacteria) | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.005 mW/cm2 | 24h/1d | | 2021-(1) | Ilham Said-Salman, Wissam Yassine, Ali Rammal, Mohammad Hneino, Hoda Yusef, Mohamed Moustafa |
| A | | Evaluation of Electromagnetic Waves Effects on Various Bacterial Strains | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 5h to 10d | | 2021-(1) | Ilham Hassan Said-Salman |
| F | | Exposure to 2.45 GHz Radiation Triggers Changes in HSP-70, Glucocorticoid Receptors and GFAP Biomarkers in Rat Brain | 2.45 GHz (CW) - (SAR 0.04-0.07 W/kg) | 30-300m/1-10d | | 2021-(23) | Haifa Othman, Alberto López-Furelos, José Manuel Leiro-Vidal, Mohamed Ammari, Mohsen Sakly, Hafedh Abdelmelek, Aarón Ángel Salas-Sánchez, Francisco Ares-Pena, Elena López-Martín |
| F | | Effect of Wi-Fi radiofrequencies on the content of acid fatty and ergosterol, a precursor of vitamin D, in in vitro cultures of the fungus Serpula himantioides | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.000042 mW/cm2 | 24h/7d | | 2021-(5) | Solange Torres, Gabriela Oyarce, Gastón Bravo, Sergio Triviño, Flavio Ñanco, Rodrigo Hasbún, Claudia Pérez, José Becerra |
| F | | Impact of 2.45 GHz Microwave Irradiation on the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster | 2.45 GHz (CW) - 0.01-100 mW/cm2 | 3m/1d | | 2020-(15) | Aya Yanagawa, Masatoshi Tomaru, Atsushi Kajiwara, Hiroki Nakajima, Elie Desmond-Le Quemener, Jean-Philippe Steyer, Tomohiko Mitani |
| F | | Lactobacillus Acidophilus and Lactobacillus Casei Exposed to Wi-Fi Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Show Enhanced Growth and Lactic Acid Production | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 15-45m/1d | | 2020-(6) | S. Amanat, S. M. Mazloomi, H. Asadimehr, F Sadi, F. Shekouhi, S. M. J. Mortazavi |
| A | | Hepatic injury induced by radio frequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices in Wistar rats | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR 0.01 W/kg (body)) | 24h/40d | | 2020-(1) | H. M. Fahmy, F. F. Mohammed |
| F | | Ameliorative effects of vitamin C against hepatic pathology related to Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation) in rats ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - (SAR 0.0048 W/kg) | 1h/30d | | 2020-(8) | O. Ozmen, O. Kavrik |
| F | | Stimulatory effect of exposure to low-power-density 2.45 GHz microwaves on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in vitro (plant) | 2.45 GHz (CW) - 0.01 mW/cm2 | 24h/2d | | 2020-(9) | Mudalige Don Hiranya Jayasanka Senevirathna, Isura Sumeda Priyadarshana Nagahage, Guligena Muhetaer |
| F | | Protective Role of Vitamin C in Wi-Fi Induced Oxidative Stress in MC3T3-E1 Cells in Vitro ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR 0.16-0.83 W/kg) | 30min-3h /1-3d | | 2020-(8) | Mengxi Wang, Guohui Yang, Yu Li, Qun Wu, Yingsong Li |
| F | | The effect of Wireless (Wi-Fi) electromagnetic fields on oxidative stress in rat kidney tissues: A biophysical analysis | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 12h/30d | | 2020-(5) | Recep Akkaya |
| F | | Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) affects anti-oxidant capacity, DNA repair genes expression and apoptosis in pregnant mouse placenta | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR 0.09 W/kg (head)) | 2-4h/1d | | 2020-(8) | Homeira Vafaei, Ghazal Kavari, Hamid Reza Izadi, Zahra Zare Dorahi, Mehdi Dianatpour, Afrooz Daneshparvar, Iman Jamhiri |
| F | | Some Aspects of Good Practice for Safe Use of Wi-Fi, Based on Experiments and Standards | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | - | | 2020-(5) | Imants Gorbāns, Aleksejs Jurenoks |
| F | | Investigation of the Effects of Radio Frequency Water Treatment on Some Characteristics of Growth in Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Plant | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | - | | 2020-(27) | Etimad Alattar, Eqbal Radwan |
| F | | Effect Of Exposure To Wi-Fi Router Radiation On The Lung Of Adult Male Albino Rats: Histological And Immunohistochemical Study | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 4-24h/30d | | 2020-(11) | Randa Ahmed Ibrahim, Azza Hussein Ali, Noura Hassan Khamis, Hanaa Hassanein Mohammed |
| F | | Evaluation of Short-Term Exposure to 2.4 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted from Wi-Fi Routers on the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (bacterias) | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 2-24h/1d | | 2020-(7) | Samad Amani, Mohammad Taheri, Mohammad Mehdi Movahedi, Mohammad Mohebi, Fatemeh Nouri, Alireza Mehdizadeh |
| F | | Study of Wi-Fi waves effects on Genetic variations of Providencia stuartii bacteria isolated from otitis media infections | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 18h/1d | | 2019-(10) | Rafea Zaidan Al-Sugmiany, Reyam Faris Saleh, Wakas Saadi Mahmood, Shadman Tariq Sadiq |
| F | | The Effect of Prenatal Exposure to 2.4 GHz Radio Frequency on the Histology and Expression of the osteocalcin and RUNX2 Gene of the Forelimb in an NMRI Mouse | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 4h/21d | | 2019-(7) | Shaghayegh Amandokht Saghezchi, Nahid Azad, Reihane Heidari, Vahid Jajarmi, Shabnam Abdi, Hojjat-Allah Abaszadeh, Seyedeh Susan Sadjadpour, Naheid Neikoei, Mohammad Hassan Heidari, Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar |
| A | | Gene expression of certain heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes in microwave exposed rats | 2.45 GHz - (SAR 0.14 W/kg) | 2h/60d | | 2019-(1) | Ali Saeed H. Alchalabi |
| A | | Wi-Fi decreases melatonin protective effect and increases hippocampal neuronal damage in pentylenetetrazole induced model seizures in rats | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 12h/14d | | 2019-(1) | Recep Akkaya, Erkan Gümüs, Birnur Akkaya, Sebahattin Karabulut, Kader Gülmez, Mustafa Karademir, Yasar Tastemur, Ahmet Sevki Taskıran |
| A | | The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves on neuronal response properties in rat barrel cortex | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 1h/1d | | 2019-(1) | Sahar Sistani, Iman Fatemi, Seyed Ali Shafeie, Ayat Kaeidi, Mahdieh Azin, Ali Shamsizadeh |
| F | | Global gene expression analysis of Escherichia coli K-12 DH5α after exposure to 2.4 GHz wireless fidelity radiation | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 5h/1d | | 2019-(10) | Ilham H. Said-Salman, Fatima A. Jebaii, Hoda H. Yusef, Mohamed E. Moustafa |
| F | | Investigating The Effects of Modem Electromagnetic Waves (2.4 GHz) on Electroencephalogram | 2.47 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.0002 mW/cm2 | 15min/1d | | 2019-(8) | R. Javanrouh Givi, A. Aminian Modarres, M. Kafaee Razavi |
| F | | Role of Designed Bio-Geometrical Forms in Antagonizing Neurobehavioral Burden of Wi-Fi Radiation: Evidence-Based Experimental Study | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR max. 0.091 W/kg) | 24h/183d | | 2019-(18) | Nevin E. Sharaf , Asmaa F. Galal, Mohamed S. El-Sawy, Aziza B. Shalby, Alaa H. Sayed, Hanaa H. Ahmed |
| A | | Long-term exposure of 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation induces stress and anxiety like behavior in rats | 2.45 GHz | 1h/28d | | 2019-(1) | Sukesh Kumar Gupta, Shishir Kumar Patel, Munendra Singh Tomar, Shio Kumar Singh, Manoj Kumar Mesharam, Sairam Krishnamurthy |
| F | | Exposure to a 2.5 GHz Non-ionizing Electromagnetic Field Alters Hematological Profiles, Biochemical Parameters, and Induces Oxidative Stress in Male Albino Rats | 2.5 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 28-56d | | 2019-(4) | Afolabi Olakunle Bamikole, Obajuluwa Adejoke Olukayode, Tiwa Obajuluwa, Okiki Pius, Oloyede Omotade Ibidun, Fadaka Oluwaseun Adewale, Ojo Oluwafemi Adeleke |
| F | | Evaluation of Wi-Fi Radiation Effects on Antibiotic Susceptibility, Metabolic Activity and Biofilm Formation by Escherichia Coli O157H7, Staphylococcus Aureus and Staphylococcus Epidermis | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 24h/1-2d | | 2019-(8) | Ilham H. Said-Salman, Fatima A. Jebaii, Hoda H. Yusef, Mohamed E. Moustafa |
| A | | Effect of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation on Behavior of the Honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | x-24h/1d | | 2019-(1) | N. G. Lopatina, T. G. Zachepilo, N. G. Kamyshev, N. A. Dyuzhikova, I. N. Serov |
| A | | Complications of nonionizing radiofrequency on divided attention | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | - | | 2019-(1) | Kourosh Bamdad, Zahra Adel, Masoomeh Esmaeili |
| F | | Effects of Wi-Fi Wave Exposure on Human Working Memory (in Farsi) | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR 0.15 W/kg) | 20min/1d | | 2018-(13) | Shahram Behbahanian, Alireza Moradi, Reza Khosroabadi, Vahid Negati |
| A | | Radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) causes impaired insulin secretion and increased oxidative stress in rat pancreatic islets | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 4h/45d | | 2018-(1) | Ali Masoumi, Narges Karbalaei, S. M. J. Mortazavi, Mohammad Shabani |
| F | | Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Protective Patches on Acupoints to Preserve the Bioenergetic Status against Magnetic Fields ("physical remedy") | (SMF & Wi-Fi) | - | | 2018-(10) | Claudio Molinari, Ian Stoppa, Nicola Limardo, Francesca Uberti |
| F | | Electromagnetic radiation 2450 MHz exposure causes cognition deficit with mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in rats | 2.45 GHz (CW) - 0.012 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.0616 W/kg (body)) | 1h/28d | | 2018-(35) | Sukesh Kumar Gupta, Manoj Kumar Mesharam, Sairam Krishnamurthy |
| A | | 2.45 GHz microwave radiation impairs learning, memory, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the rat | 2.45 GHz (CW) - 0.016 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.017 W/kg (body)) | 2h/40d | | 2018-(1) | Narges Karimi, Mahnaz Bayat, Masoud Haghani, Hamed Fahandezh Saadi, Gholam Reza Ghazipour |
| F | | Evidence of oxidative stress after continuous exposure to Wi-Fi radiation in rat model | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 24h/70d | | 2018-(8) | Kasra Kamali, Ali Taravati, Shayan Sayyadi, Fatemeh zahra Gharib, Houman Maftoon |
| F | | Microwave radiation alters burn injury-evoked electric potential in Nicotiana benthamiana | 2.45 GHz (CW) - 0.5 mW/cm2 | 1h/1d | | 2018-(6) | M. D. H. J. Senavirathna, T. Asaeda |
| F | | High-frequency electromagnetic radiation action and influence resonators-converters on frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of male Wistar rats ("physical remedy") | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 2-6h/1-21d | | 2018-(7) | N.A. Dyuzhikova, A.V. Kopyltsov, K.A. Korshunov, G.N. Lukyanov, V.A. Puchkova, I.N. Serov |
| F | | Consequences of 2.4-2.48 Ghz non-ionizing radiation of Wi-Fi router devices on the information processing speed in adolescents | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | - | | 2018-(5) | Kourosh Bamdad, Abdolhasan Shakiba, Masoomeh Esmaeili |
| F | | Histopathological Effects of 2.45 Gigahertz Electromagnetic Radiation on the Rat Kidney, and Protective Effects of Vitamin C ("chemical remedy") | 2.45GHz (217 Hz modulated) - (SAR 0.002 W/kg (kidney)) | 1h/30d | | 2018-(5) | Ercan Bas, Murat Ucar, Funda Yıldırım Bas, Sükriye Yesilot, Ilkay Armagan, Arzu Yalcın |
| F | | Moderate Dose of Trolox Preventing the Deleterious Effects of Wi-Fi Radiation on Spermatozoa In vitro through Reduction of Oxidative Stress Damage ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR 1-2.5 W/kg (body)) | 90min/1d | | 2018-(12) | Shang-Shu Ding, Ping Sun, Zhou Zhang, Xiang Liu, Hong Tian, Yong-Wei Huo, Li-Rong Wang, Yan Han, Jun-Ping Xing |
| F | | Effects of microwave radations (2.45 ghz) on biochemical alterations in brain of swiss albino mice and its amelioration by melatonin ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz - max. 0.174 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.368 W/kg) | 2h/30d | | 2018-(7) | Rajendra Jat, Najendra Singh, Sanjay Singh, Rashmi Sisodia, Deepak Bhatnagar, Virender Saxena |
| F | | The effects of wireless electromagnetic fields on the activities of carbonic anhydrase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes in various tissues of rats | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 12h/14d | | 2018-(6) | Umit Muhammet Kocyigit, Parham Taslimi, Fatih Gurses, Sinan Soylu, Sevgi Durna Dastan, İlhami Gulcin |
| F | | Exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic waves alters acetylcholinesterase gene expression, exploratory and motor coordination- linked behaviour in male rats | 2.5 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 24h/28-56d | | 2017-(5) | Adejoke Olukayode Obajuluwa, Ayodele Jacob Akinyemi, Olakunle Bamikole Afolabi, Khalid Adekoya, Joseph Olurotimi Sanya, Azeez Olakunle Ishola |
| A | | Rats exposed to 2.45 GHz of non-ionizing radiation exhibit behavioral changes with increased brain expression of apoptotic caspase 3 | 2.45 GHz - 0.788 mW/cm2 | 4h/45d | | 2017-(1) | Rini Varghese, Anuradha Majumdar, Girish Kumar, Amit Shukla |
| F | | RAPD Profiling, DNA Fragmentation, and Histomorphometric Examination in Brains of Wistar Rats Exposed to Indoor 2.5 Ghz Wi-Fi Devices Radiation | 2.5 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 24h/30-60d | | 2017-(7) | A. O. Ibitayo, O. B. Afolabi, A. J. Akinyemi, T. I. Ojiezeh, K. O. Adekoya, O. O. Ojewunmi |
| F | | Does all-day and long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi affect hearing? | 2.45 GHz - 0.00036 mW/cm2 | 24h/265d | | 2017-(6) | Ediz Yorgancilar, Suleyman Dasdag, Mehmet Zülküf Akdag, Zeki Akkus, Mehmet Akdag, Ismail Topcu |
| F | | 2.45 GHz Microwave radiation impairs hippocampal learning and spatial memory: Involvement of local stress mechanism induced suppression of iGluR/ERK/CREB signaling | 2.45 GHz (CW) - 0.0248 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.0146 W/Kg) | 2h/15-60d | | 2017-(1) | Saba Shahin, Somanshu Banerjee, Vivek Swarup, Surya Pal Singh, Chandra Mohini Chaturvedi |
| A | | Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: Influence of maternal restraint | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 2h/?d | | 2017-(1) | Haifa Othman, Mohamed Ammari, Mohsen Sakly, Hafedh Abdelmelek |
| F | | Effects of repeated restraint stress and WiFi signal exposure on behavior and oxidative stress in rats | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 2h/20d | | 2017-(11) | Haifa Othman, Mohamed Ammari, Mohsen Sakly, Hafedh Abdelmelek |
| F | | The ameliorative effect of gallic acid on pancreas lesions induced by 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation (Wi-Fi) in young rats ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - (SAR 0.05 W/kg (body)) | 3h/30d | | 2017-(8) | Senay Topsakal, Ozlem Ozmen, Ekrem Cicek, Selcuk Comlekci |
| A | | Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 2h /17-43d | | 2017-(1) | Haifa Othman, Mohamed Ammari, Kaïs Rtibi, Noura Bensaid, Mohsen Sakly, Hafedh Abdelmelek |
| F | | The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 12h/30d | | 2017-(8) | Amin Hassanshahi, Seyed Ali Shafeie, Iman Fatemi, Elham Hassanshahi, Mohammad Allahtavakoli, Mohammad Shabani, Ali Roohbakhsh, Ali Shamsizadeh |
| F | | The effects of electromagnetic radiation (2450 MHz wireless devices) on the heart and blood tissue: role of melatonin | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - max. 0.026 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.019 W/kg (body)) | 1h/30d | | 2016-(7) | N. Gumral, M. Saygin, H. Asci, A.C. Uguz, O. Celik O, D.K. Doguc, H.B. Savas, S. Comlekci |
| F | | Efectos atérmicos de la radiación wifi (RF-MI) sobre la germinación, desarrollo vegetativo y patrones de metilación de Arabidopsis thaliana en cultivo hidropónico | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.000000024 - 0.00000199 mW/cm2 | 24h/14d | | 2016-(51) | Victoria Valentina Montero Lopez |
| A | | Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats | 2.45 GHz - 0.2 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.14 W/kg (body)) | 2h/35d | | 2016-(1) | Parul Chauhan, H. N. Verma, Rashmi Sisodia, Kavindra Kumar Kesari |
| F | | Effects of long-term pre- and post-natal exposure to 2.45 GHz wireless devices on developing male rat kidney | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - (SAR 0.1 W/kg (body)) | 1h / pregrnancy + 66d | | 2016-(10) | Ayça Esra Kuybulu, Faruk Öktem, İbrahim Metin Çiriş, Recep Sutcu, Ahmet Rıfat Örmeci, Selçuk Çömlekçi, Efkan Uz |
| A | | Does prolonged radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi devices induce DNA damage in various tissues of rats? | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR 0.00014 W/kg (body)) | 24h/365d | | 2016-(1) | Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag, Suleyman Dasdag, Fazile Canturk, Derya Karabulut, Yusuf Caner, Nur Adalier |
| F | | What is harmful for male fertility: Cell phone or the wireless internet? | - | - | | 2015-(5) | Mehmet Erol Yildirim, Mehmet Kaynar, Huseyin Badem, Mucahıt Cavis, Omer Faruk Karatas, Ersın Cimentepe |
| F | | Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR 0.00014-0.0015 W/kg (body-1g)) | 24h /365d | | 2015-(7) | Suleyman Dasdag, Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag, Mehmet Emin Erdal, Nurten Erdal, Ozlem Izci Ay, Mustafa Ertan Ay, Senay Gorucu Yilmaz, Bahar Tasdelen, Korkut Yegin |
| F | | Effects of acute exposure to WIFI signals (2.45 GHz) on heart variability and blood pressure in Albinos rabbit | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 1h/1d | | 2015-(6) | Linda Saili, Amel Hanini, Chiraz Smirani, Ines Azzouz, Amina Azzouz, Mohsen Sakly, Hafedh Abdelmelek, Zihad Bouslama |
| F | | 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53 Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism | 2.45 GHz (CW) - 0.0248 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.0146 W/kg (body)) | 2h/15d, 30d, 60d | | 2015-(1) | Saba Shahin, Somanshu Banerjee, Surya Pal Singh, Chandra Mohini Chaturvedi |
| A | | Oxidative stress of brain and liver is increased by Wi-Fi (2.45GHz) exposure of rats during pregnancy and the development of newborns | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 1h/ pregnancy + 15d | | 2015-(1) | Ömer Çelika, Mehmet Cemal Kahyac, Mustafa Nazıroğlu |
| F | | Klebsiella pneumonia, a Microorganism that Approves the Non-linear Responses to Antibiotics and Window Theory after Exposure to Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz Electromagnetic Radiofrequency Radiation | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 3-8h/1d | | 2015-(6) | M. Taheri, S. M. J. Mortazavi, M. Moradi, Sh. Mansouri, F. Nouri, S. A. R. Mortazavi, F. Bahmanzadegan |
| F | | Exposure to non-ionizing radiation provokes changes in rat thyroid morphology and expression of HSP-90 | 2.45 GHz (CW) - (SAR 0.036-0.16 (body)) | 30min /1-10d | | 2015-(13) | Maria J. Misa-Agustiño, Teresa Jorge-Mora, Francisco J. Jorge-Barreiro, Juan Suarez-Quintanilla, Eduardo Moreno-Piquero, Francisco J. Ares-Pena, Elena López-Martín |
| A | | The effects of long-term exposure to a 2450 MHz electromagnetic field on growth and pubertal development in female Wistar rats | 2.45 GHz - (SAR 0.1 W/kg (body)) | 1h/ pregnancy + 21d | | 2015-(1) | Ozlem Sangun, Bumin Dundar, Hakan Darici, Selcuk Comlekci, Duygu Kumbul Doguc, Suheyla Celik |
| F | | Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure of Wi-Fi on Development of Teeth and Changes in Teeth Element Concentration in Rats | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - (SAR 0.009 W/kg (head)) | 2h/42d | | 2015-(9) | Zülfikar Zahit Çiftçi, Zühal Kırzıoğlu, Mustafa Nazıroğlu, Özlem Özmen |
| F | | Effects of Electromagnetic Waves on Brainwaves under Logically Reasoning Status | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.005-0.025 mW/cm2 | - | | 2015-(5) | Fu-Chien Kao, Shinping R. Wang, Chih-Chia Chen, Yun-Kai Lin, Chih-Hsun Huang |
| F | | Effects of Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) Exposure on Apoptosis, Sperm Parameters and Testicular Histomorphometry in Rats: A Time Course Study | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 1h, 7h/60d | | 2015-(10) | Saeed Shokri, Aiob Soltani, Mahsa Kazemi, Dariush Sardari, Farshid Babapoor Mofrad |
| F | | Impact of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the testicular inflammatory pathway biomarkers in young rats: The role of gallic acid ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - (SAR 3.21 W/kg (body)) | 3h/30d | | 2015-(14) | Mustafa Saygin, Halil Asci, Ozlem Ozmen, Fatma Nihan Cankara, Dilnur Dincoglu, Ilter Ilhan |
| F | | Impact of L-carnitine and Selenium Treatment on Testicular Apoptosis in Rats Exposed to 2.45 GHz Microwave Energy ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - (SAR 3.25 W/kg (body)) | 1h/28d | | 2015-(7) | M. Saygin, S. Caliskan, M.F. Ozguner, N. Gumral, S. Comlekci, N. Karahan |
| A | | EMF radiation at 2450 MHz triggers changes in the morphology and expression of heat shock proteins and glucocorticoid receptors in rat thymus | 2.45 GHz (CW) - (SAR 0.017-0.161 W/kg (body)) | 30min /1d | | 2015-(1) | M.J. Misa-Agustiño, J.M. Leiro-Vidal, J.L. Gomez-Amoza, M.T. Jorge-Mora, F.J. Jorge-Barreiro, A.A. Salas-Sánchez, F.J. Ares-Pena, E. López-Martín |
| F | | Estudio de marcadores biológicos de estrés en la glándula tiroides y en el timo de rata en un modelo experimental de radiación subtérmico a 2,45 GHz | 2.45 GHz (CW) - (SAR 0.017-0.161 W/kg (body)) | 30min /1d, 10d | | 2014-(196) | María José Misa Agustiño |
| A | | Structural and Ultrastructural Study of Rat Testes Influenced by Electromagnetic Radiation | 2.45 GHz - 2.8 mW/cm2 | 3h/21d | | 2014-(1) | Viera Almášiová, Katarína Holovská, Viera Cigánková, Enikö Račeková, Kamila Fabianová, Marcela Martončíková |
| A | | Therapeutic approaches of melatonin in microwave radiations-induced oxidative stress-mediated toxicity on male fertility pattern of Wistar rats ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz - 0.21 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.14 W/kg (body)) | 2h/45d | | 2014-(1) | Ramovatar Meena, Kajal Kumari, Jitendra Kumar, Paulraj Rajamani, H. N. Verma, Kavindra Kumar Kesari |
| F | | Electromagnetic radiation (Wi-Fi) and epilepsy induce calcium entry and apoptosis through activation of TRPV1 channel in hippocampus and dorsal root ganglion of rats | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - 0.012 mW/cm2 | 1h/1d | | 2014-(15) | Vahid Ghazizadeh, Mustafa Nazıroğlu |
| F | | 2450 MHz electromagnetic field effect on the rat thyroid tissue; Protective role of selenium and L-Carnitine ("chemical remedy")(in turkish) | 2.45 GHz - (SAR 0.054 W/kg) | 1h/28d | | 2014-(9) | Ahmet Koyu, Nurhan Gümral, Halil Aşcı, Alpaslan Gökçimen, Meltem Özgöçmen, Nilüfer Özdamar |
| F | | Increased DNA oxidation (8-OHdG) and protein oxidation (AOPP) by low level electromagnetic field (2.45 GHz) in rat brain and protective effect of garlic ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - 0.0036 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.02 W/kg (body)) | 1h/30d | | 2014-(5) | Hatice Ş. Gürler, Birşen Bilgici, Ayşegül K. Akar, Leman Tomak, Abdülkerim Bedir |
| F |  | Effects of melatonin on Wi-Fi-induced oxidative stress in lens of rats ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - 0.0001 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.14 W/kg (body)) | 1h/30d | | 2014-(6) | Levent Tök, Mustafa Nazıroğlu, Salih Doğan, Mehmet Cemal Kahya, Özlem Tök |
| A | | Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR 0.0024 W/kg (1g)) | 24h/365d | | 2014-(1) | Suleyman Dasdag , Muzaffer Tas , Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag, Korkut Yegin |
| A | | 2.45-GHz microwave irradiation adversely affects reproductive function in male mouse, Mus musculus by inducing oxidative and nitrosative stress | 2.45 GHz (CW) - 0.0298 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.018 W/kg) | 2h/30d | | 2014-(1) | S. Shahin, V. Mishra, S. P. Singh, C. M. Chaturvedi |
| F | | Short-duration exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induces DNA damage in Sprague Dawley rat’s reproductive systems | 2.45 GHz - (SAR 0.48-4.30 W/kg) | 10min/1d | | 2013-(8) | M. R. Usikalu, O. O. Obembe, M. L. Akinyemi, J. Zhu |
| F | | toxicity upshot of low 2.45 GHz microwave radiation exposures on Sprague Dawley rats | 2.45 GHz - (SAR 0.48-4.30 W/kg) | 24h/8d | | 2013-(9) | B. N. Aweda, C. P. Osika, J. H. Xiu, N. Dong, J. Y. Park |
| F | | Microwaves irradiation experiments on biological samples | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.005 mW/cm2 | 24h/14-25d | | 2013-(16) | Emanoil Surducan, Vasile Surducan, Anca Butiuc-Keul, Adela Halmagyi |
| F | | Modulation of wireless (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative toxicity in laryngotracheal mucosa of rat by melatonin ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - 0.0001 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.14 W/kg (body)) | 1h/28d | | 2013-(6) | Giray Aynali, Mustafa Nazıroğlu, Ömer Çelik, Mustafa Doğan, Murat Yarıktaş, Hasan Yasan |
| F | | Effects of olive leave extract on metabolic disorders and oxidative stress induced by 2.45 GHz WIFI signals ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 1h/21d | | 2013-(9) | Myriam Ben Salah, Hafedh Abdelmelek, Manef Abderraba |
| F | | 2.45 GHz Microwave Irradiation-Induced Oxidative Stress Affects Implantation or Pregnancy in Mice, Mus musculus | 2.45 GHz (CW) - 0.033 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.023 W/kg) | 2h/45d | | 2013-(25) | Saba Shahin, Vineet Prakash Singh, Ritesh K. Shukla, Alok Dhawan, Ravi Kumar Gangwar, Surya Pal Singh, Chandra Mohini Chaturvedi |
| F | | 2.45-Gz wireless devices induce oxidative stress and proliferation through cytosolic Ca²⁺ influx in human leukemia cancer cells | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - (1.3-2-5 W/kg) | 1h, 2h, 12h, 24h/1d | | 2012-(8) | Mustafa Nazıroğlu, Bilal ÇIğ, Salih Doğan, Abdulhadi Cihangir Uğuz, Selin Dilek, Dahdouh Faouzi |
| F | | Pathophysiology of Microwave Radiation: Effect on Rat Brain | 2.45 GHz - 0.21 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.14 W/kg (body)) | 2h/45d | | 2012-(10) | Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Sanjay Kumar, Jitendra Behari |
| A | | Glucose administration attenuates spatial memory deficits induced by chronic low-power-density microwave exposure ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz - (SAR 0.2 W/kg (body)) | 3h/30d | | 2012-(1) | Yonghui Lu, Shangcheng Xu, Mindi He, Chunhai Chen, Lei Zhang, Chuan Liu, Fang Chu, Zhengping Yu, Zhou Zhou, Min Zhong |
| F | | Immunohistopathologic demonstration of deleterious effects on growing rat testes of radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices | 2.437 GHz (Wi-Fi) - (SAR 0.091 W/kg) | 24h /140d | | 2012-(7) | Halil I. Atasoy, Mehmet Y. Gunal, Pinar Atasoyl, Serenay Elgun, Guler Bugdayci |
| F | | Use of laptop computers connected to internet through Wi-Fi decreases human sperm motility and increases sperm DNA fragmentation | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.0005-0.0013 mW/cm2 | 4h/1d | | 2012-(9) | Conrado Avendano, Ariela Mata, Cesar A. Sanchez Sarmiento, Gustavo F. Doncel |
| F | | Electromagnetic fields at 2.45 GHz trigger changes in heat shock proteins 90 and 70 without altering apoptotic activity in rat thyroid gland | 2.45 GHz - (SAR 0.017- 0.16 W/kg (body)) | 30min/1d | | 2012-(8) | María José Misa Agustiño, José Manuel Leiro, María Teresa Jorge Mora, Juan Antonio Rodríguez González, Francisco Javier Jorge Barreiro, Francisco José Ares-Pena, Elena López Martín |
| F | | Effects of Green Tea Catechin on Microsomal Phospholipase A2 Activity and Arachidonic Acid Cascade in Rat Lung Exposed to Microwave ("chemical remedy")(in Korean) | 2.45 GHz | 15min/1d | | 2012-(5) | Mi-Ji Kim |
| F | | Protective effects of β-glucan against oxidative injury induced by 2.45-GHz electromagnetic radiation in the skin tissue of rats ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - 0.165 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.064 W/kg) | 1h/28d | | 2012-(7) | Ali Murat Ceyhan, Vahide Baysal Akkaya, Şeyma Celik Güleçol, Betül Mermi Ceyhan, Fehmi Özgüner, WenChieh Chen |
| F | | Melatonin modulates wireless (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative injury through TRPM2 and voltage gated Ca2+ channels in brain and dorsal root ganglion in rat ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - 0.0001 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.14 W/kg (body)) | 1h/1d | | 2012-(10) | M. Nazıroğlu, Ö. Çelik, C. Özgül, B. Çiğ, S. Doğan, R. Bal, N. Gümral, A.B. Rodríguez, J.A. Pariente |
| F | | Selenium and l Carnitine Reduce Oxidative Stress in the Heart of Rat Induced by 2.45GHz Radiation from Wireless Devices ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - 0.032 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.14 W/kg (body)) | 1h/28d | | 2011-(11) | Yasin Türker,Mustafa Nazıroğlu, Nurhan Gümral, Ömer Çelik, Mustafa Saygın, Selçuk Çömlekçi, Manuel Flores-Arce |
| F | | The Investigation of the protective effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) in spermatogenesis of rat after exposure of Wi-Fi radiation ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) | 4h/48d | | 2011-(8) | Zohreh Hosseinyzadeh, Manzarbanoo Shojaeefard, Mansooreh Hooshiyar, Leila Firozi Dalvand, Mehdi Pooladi |
| F | | Effects of Wi-Fi signals on the p300 component of event-related potentials during an auditory hayling task | 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.000063 mW/cm2 | - | | 2011-(14) | Argiro E. Maganioti, Charalabos C. Papageorgiou, Chrissathi D. Hountala, Miltiades A. Kyprianou, Andrea D. Rabavilas, George N. Papadimitriou, Christos N. Capsalis |
| F | | Somatic and Genetic Effects of Low Sar 2.45GHz Microwave Radiation on Wistar Rats | 2.45 GHz - (SAR 0.48-2.39 W/kg) | - | | 2010- (147) | Mojisola Rachael Usikalu |
| F | | Mutagenic response of 2.45 GHz radiation exposure on rat brain | 2.45 GHz (50 Hz modulated) - 0.34 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.11 W/kg (body)) | 2h/35d | | 2010-(1) | Kavindra Kumar Kesari, J. Behari, Sanjay Kumar |
| F | | Wi-Fi Electromagnetic fields exert gender related alterations on EEG | 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) - 0.000063 mW/cm2 | - | | 2010-(8) | Argiro E. Maganioti, Charalabos C. Papageorgiou, Chrissathi D. Hountala, Miltiades A. Kyprianou, Andrea D. Rabavilas, George N. Papadimitriou, Christos N. Capsalis |
| F | | Effects of Selenium and L-Carnitine on Oxidative Stress in Blood of Rat Induced by 2.45-GHz Radiation from Wireless Devices ("chemical remedy") | 2.45 GHz (217 Hz modulated) - 0.032 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.14 W/kg (body)) | 1h/28d | | 2009-(1) | Nurhan Gumral, Mustafa Naziroglu, Ahmet Koyu, Kurtulus Ongel, Omer Celik, Mustafa Saygin, Mesud Kahriman, Sadettin Caliskan, Mustafa Kayan, Osman Gencel, Manuel F. Flores-Arce |
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