Understanding the Feedback Loops between Energy, Matter and Life

" This review will highlight the importance of electric and electromagnetic forces and their interactions within and between cells [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. Such bioelectric phenomena can be spread over large distances and should be distinguished from cell-to-cell communications that occur via special electric, ionic or other charged molecule guiding mechanisms that form additional ion gradients and electric fields [18, 19]. We will then discuss the cell interior at the molecular level. In addition to the “classical” electric interactions, resonance phenomena from phonons and photons up to the visible range will be discussed with respect to organelles, cytoskeletal elements and molecules. The aqueous surrounding of the cell is an important factor in this regard. In the final chapter we will discuss the communication principles involved, including molecular quantum phenomena. This may explain information processing within living systems not only at the fundamental molecular level, but perhaps also over large-scale areas [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]." {Credits 1}

" Direct EMFs produced by the cell membrane quickly fade away, typically with the square of the distance. They are overlayed by relatively strong electric fields from heart muscle (measured as ECG) and from other rhythmic sources of EMFs such as muscle tissues. These field-like feedback mechanisms can pre-sort body organization in the early embryo as well as the further development of organs at the most important steps [66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78]." {Credits 1}

" An interesting aspect of longer feedback loops is that nerve connections between the brain or brain stem and organs during the early embryo phase promote the expansion and differentiation of organs. ... In fact, nerve pathways that expand in the early embryonic phase towards muscles (somatosensory) and towards the skin (somatosensory) are involved in early maturation and further differentiation. Irregularities, including a tendency to form tumors, were found after connections to the head (brain) were severed [84]." {Credits 1}

" In almost all molecules, the side arms and other intermolecular bridges vibrate at specific frequencies. Electric charges are almost always present and are also a source of EMFs [111]." {Credits 1}

" This is also the basis for “resonant recognition” [114, 115], which constitutes a resonance emission and a transmission back, as found in radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags [1, 113] (Fig. 7). The triggering force for these vibrations is thermodynamic movement at temperatures above absolute zero. In addition to this are local biochemical reactions that consume stored energy. Molecular vibration frequencies depend on the type of atom, the type of bond, the configuration of the molecular group, and the adjacent molecular groups [111]. Thus, every molecule is characterized by individual patterns, especially in the Terahertz and IR ranges. Interestingly, resonant recognition is prominent between molecules that are involved in a common functional context [112]." {Credits 1}

" These findings lead to the concept of feedback between biomolecules, based on photons as mediators (bosons) of the EMF." {Credits 1}

" Photons in biological organisms are often called “biophotons”. However, these biophotons are not only bosons of visible light, but also of IR, THz and all other frequencies up to ULF-EMF. Such photons are also found in the undulating bioelectricity and ULF-EMF of the cell membrane and of internal cell processes. This often leads to a misunderstanding of the meaning of biophotons, due to the first measurements being made with photon multiplier tubes and mostly in the IR and visible light ranges [82, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122]." {Credits 1}

" EMFs and photon (including virtual) exchange are always present during biomolecular vibrations, regardless of how small they might be. According to recent findings, typical information transfer within the cell does not occur at the frequencies of visible light [82]. Nevertheless, there is more at play here, as mentioned above." {Credits 1}

" Recently, cryo-electron microscopy revealed that the organelles and all of the components of a cell are densely packed with proteins, glycoproteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other “important” molecules (1% of volume). Nevertheless, water molecules fill the remaining gaps between and within these important molecules to occupy the remaining 99% of volume [52, 130]. As mentioned, most of this is bound water, not free (bulk) water. Bound layers [15] are well known in materials science, whereby the charged moieties of molecules form an “exclusion” zone by the bound water [131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136]. This zone has a thickness of several water molecules and excludes not only bulk water molecules but also ions and other molecules." {Credits 1}

" Bound or interfacial water therefore has a quasi–crystalline structure, with different electron conducting properties compared to “normal” water [3, 4, 5, 6, 65]. EMFs can thus be transduced for much longer distances than expected in bound water [131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139]. Due to its relatively fixed binding to the charged moieties, bound water can increase the “EMF antenna radius” of molecules, as well as the radius for vibrational interactions [1]. Furthermore, due to enlargement of the molecular “domains”, the reach out of molecular vibrations is also increased. Important molecules or complexes that are surrounded by bound water can therefore communicate with each other much faster than by random diffusion and the key-lock mechanism (Figs. 3,7)." {Credits 1}

" Another intriguing fact is the inherent property of water to form special domains. This feature is related to the quantum physics of vacuum fluctuation: in an extremely small dimension, virtual particles come and go even at zero degrees Kelvin in what is known as the zero-point fluctuation (ZPF)." {Credits 1}

" The ZPF movement can be transferred into water, since vacuum fluctuations can occur at any wavelength. Even at a wavelength of 100 nm (energy content 12 eV; water absorption maximum at 190 nm), water molecules can briefly be put into an excited state with a certain statistical probability. Although having only a very small effect on a single molecule, the excitation increases with an increasing number of water molecules. Above a certain amount, the effect is so strong that the water molecules pass into a new and energetically stable state and vibrate in time with the electromagnetic wave. This is no longer short-lived but is now stably connected to the water molecules in the area and called a coherent domain (CD) [147, 148, 149, 150]." {Credits 1}

" The quasi-crystalline order revealed by high-pressure cryo-microscopy is quite amazing [157]. Cells are filled to the brim with “important molecules” and contain much more than revealed by classical transmission electron microscopy." {Credits 1}

" Quantum physics can be involved in effects that are mediated by photons over a great distance. If photons have established a quantum relationship between molecules (at the speed of light), then any action on this coupled system will cause an instantaneous change to the quantum state. This is the “pilot wave propagation” described by DeBroglie [162], where a quantum relationship is formed between the molecules, i.e., they are coupled." {Credits 1}

" To prepare quantum calculations and to have a read out, such resonating systems must have a “reference beam” like a corresponding EMF frequency. Only then can information be transferred into “harder” classical systems like action potentials. In nerve cells and in the aromatic amino acids of microtubules, collective oscillations were found in networks of London-force dipoles (among the pi electron resonance clouds of aromatic amino acids) in the range of 480 to 700 THz [200]. These frequencies may be transposed down to the MHz range and a final read out may occur via the frequencies of action potentials, as measured by EEG [57]. Therefore, only relatively few and extremely small (atoms, electrons, etc.) elements are useful in quantum relationships [165, 193, 194]." {Credits 1}

{Credits 1} 🎪 Richard H.W. Funk. Understanding the Feedback Loops between Energy, Matter and Life. Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed) 2022, 14(4), 29. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1404029. © 2022 the Author(s). This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.