Small Electrical, Mechanical, and Biomechanical Systems of Electromagnetic Radiation

" The thesis introduces the concept of fragmented antennas for the first time. It also provides a completely novel solution for implementation of mechanical antennas with frequency multiplication and phase modulation capabilities for the first time. These concepts are borrowed to develop mechano-electromagnetic radio concept for biological cells to explain how communication can occur in community of cells. The proposed mechanical antenna provides unique capabilities for communication at very-low frequency band (3-30 kHz) and lowers. In mechanical antennas, the radiation is mainly induced through accelerating (rotating) electric charges or permanent magnets by means of fast electric motors."

" By moving the angular position of the magnetic plates, it is shown that the phase and amplitude of the EM signal can be modulated."

" The fundamentals of operation of embedded radios within cellular structures and biofilms is based on mechanical antennas. Certain bacterial cells within their biofilms are equipped with elastic helical fibers called amyloid fibrils which pose permanent electric dipole. We propose that the cells transmit electromagnetic (EM) signal to their surrounding environment through mechanical vibration of these fibrils. Different vibrational modes associated with fibrils including cantilever beam mode, longitudinal spring vibrational mode, and transverse spring modes are investigated indicating potential EM signaling within kHz-MHz, GHz, and sub-THz ranges, respectively. A novel and theoretical Multiphysics model based on coupled system of electrical and mechanical structures is also proposed to study the impact of this signaling on crowd of fibrils in a biofilm sample. Next, to demonstrate the advantage of EM-based communication, using communication channel theory, we have compared performance of EM signaling with its biochemical counterpart (quorum sensing) and shown that EM signaling provides much higher data rate, 5 to 7 orders of magnitude, and over much longer ranges. Thus, it could be potentially more efficient and a preferred method for communication among cells."